PRINSIP-PRINSIP

MANAJEMEN
KESUBURAN TANAH.

Bahan Kajian MK. Manajemen Kesuburan Tanah

Diarikan soemarno - jursntnhfpub - Sept 2013
 PRINSIP-PRINSIP
MANAJEMEN KESUBURAN TANAH
1. Tujuan Program MST.
2. Concepts of large scale, intermediate and
small scale “precision” farming.
3. Soil and plant sampling, testing, and
interpretation.
4. Kesuburan tanah dan Manajemen pupuk
5. Aplikasi, efisiensi dan manfaat pupuk.
SASARAN MANAJEMEN KESUBURAN
TANAH
1. Meningkatkan hasil tanaman (pangan dunia)
2. Mereduksi biaya per satuan hasil
3. Kualitas produk (not always a factor - fast
growing wood is lower quality than slow-
growing wood)
4. Mereduksi gangguan penyakit (can go the
other way by making tissues protein-rich and
juicy for bugs)
5. Mencegah pencemaran lingkungan (new
since the 60's - never used to be considered)
6. Memperbaiki kesehatan dan estetika
lingkungan
7. Memperbaiki habitat liar (hunting permits)
 TUJUAN PRODUSEN
1. Cut the unit cost of production by producing
the largest possible crop.
2. Match the crop needs with available nutrient
supply.
3. Nitrates, phosphates, and pesticides – the old
way
4. Typical crop uptake values (archaic units -
lb/acre - multiply by 1.12 to get kg/ha; also
note that P as P2O5 and K as K2O)
 Aplikasi pupuk yang bijaksana dapat
melindungi lingkungan.

1. Pupuk memperbaiki pertumbuhan tanaman

2. Semakin banyak tanaman, semakin banyak
CO2 yang diserap (diambil) dari udara
atmosfir
3. Semakin banyak vegetasi penutup muka
lahan , semakin sedikit erosi dan
pencemaran perairan
 SEKALA PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Large-scale: Treating the entire field as one
management unit.
1. SEDERHANA DAN TEKNOLOGI TEPATGUNA
2. Presisi operaisonal relatif rendah.
3. Tidak memperhitungkan variabilitas lahan dan
kandungan haranya.
4. Memerlukan sedikit instrumentasi dan latihan
teknologi
5. Produksi tidak merata dan potensi
pencemartan lingkungan
 SEKALA MEDIUM.

Medium-scale: Sub-dividing the field into two or

more management units requiring different
applications of fertilizer, pesticides, and
irrigation.
1. Biasanya dipraktekkan atas dasar intuitif
2. Memungkinkan penerapan standar lapangan
3. Based on soil types, drainage characteristics,
empirical observation, and ease of boundary
delineation
4. Efisiensi lebih baik dan pencemaran
lingkungan lebih sedikit
 SEKALA KECIL.
Small-scale (precision): A system in which
infinitesimal land management units occur within
a single field.
1. Menggunakan GPS dan mengembangkan
basis-data elektronik untuk tanah dan tanaman
2. Memerlukan penerapan beragam teknologi dan
peralatannya
3. Lebih praktis untuk komoditi tanaman yang
nilai ekonominya tinggi
 .SAMPLING TANAH.
1. No amount of care in preparation and analysis
can overcome poor or inappropriate soil
sampling
2. Soils vary continuously with space and depth;
you cannot sample all the variability
3. Know your horizons and sample accordingly
when possible
4. We often dig a quantitative pit and get horizon
depths and then sample with augers thereafter
5. Often sampling plow layer in ag soils; this will
NOT work in wildland soils.
 KEDALAMAN DAN BANYAKNYA CONTOH
Over-riding guide:
Take a sample so that it represents what it is
intended to represent

1. Kedalaman lapisan bajak (traditional ag)

2. At 30 cm (~1 ft) increments; alternate 30 cm increments
3. Horison tanah untuk sistem yang masih utuh
4. Tipe tanah
5. Sampel komposit terdiri atas 5-20 sub-sample untuk
setiap sampel analisis
6. Hara setiap tahun, status garam setiap tahun.
 Horizontal variation: sample by landscape strata that make
sense (land use, soil series, slope, aspect, current vegetation,
etc.)
 Percent C - ---
Variasi vertikal: Dep th

15 cm A hor izon
Perlu diketahui
30cm
kedalaman B horizon
45 cm
horison, dan
60 cm BC ho rizon
sampling tanah
75 cm
pada kedalaman
90cm C horizon
horison ini

Percent C - ---
Dep th
A hor izon

15 cm
E ho rizon
30cm

45 cm

60 cm Bhs ho rizon

75 cm

90cm C horizon
 Variasi hasil analisis tanah akibat perbedaan kedalaman sampling tanah.
Variations in soil analysisBatas-batas
due to samplihorison
ng depth - clear
tanah boundaries
jelas

Depth % N Core 1 Core 2 Core 3

0.27% 0.16% 0. 29%
0 cm 0.30%

15 cm 0.25%

30 cm 0.05%

45 cm 0.02%

Which core gave

Lokasi manathe correct
yang va lue for %N
memberikan soil tanah
%N? Core
yang1paling
is mosttepat?
representative. Sample by
Lokasi 1 paling
horizon representatif, Sampel tanah menurut horison
 Variasi hasil analisis tanah akibat perbedaan kedalaman sampling tanah.
Variations in soil analysisBatas-batas
due to sampli ng depth
horison -diffuse
difuse bound aries
(baur)

Depth % N Core 1 Core 2 Core 3

0.16% 0.08% 0. 23%
0 cm 0.25%

15 cm 0.15%

30 cm 0.05%

45 cm 0.02%

Which core gave

Lokasi mana the yang
correct memberikan
va lue for soil %N?%N
All three did. yang
tanah With copaling
re 3, you tepat?
wou ld
want toKetiga
sample at least one
lokasi more depth.
bagus. The point
Di lokasi 3 is, you must belebih
sampling consistdari
ent with
satu
sampling depth
kedalaman
Errors due to variations
Kesalahan in horizon
karena thickness
variasi ketebalan horison tanah
Depth % N Core 1 Core 2 Core 3
0.29% 0.14% 0. 11%
0 cm 0.30%

15 cm 0.15%

30 cm 0.07%

45 cm 0.02%

When
Kalauthishaloccurs, whichmaka
ini terjadi, is frequen
harustly,dilakukan
you must live with it. lebih
observasi Pick a akurat
modal depth and take
dan detail.
lots of sample
Tentukan s. It is always
kedalaman best todan
“median” measure
ambilhorizon
banyak depth at each
contoh pointPada
tanah. and average
setiap this,
titik
butsampel
no t always possible.
diukur kedalaman horison , dan kalau memungkinkan dirata-rata.
 UJI TANAH
pH, acidity / alkalinity: Electrode in 1:1 or 1:2
soil:water ratio with 0.01M CaCl2. Some people use
distilled water – this generally gives a higher pH –
why? Al, H+ displacement. Also: review lime
requirement.

Garam-garam larut: Saturated paste extract 1:1 or

1:2

Nitrogen: Not reliably precise. Total N, C:N ratio,

extractable ammonium and nitrate, N mineralization,
resins….None cheap or very quantitative.
 .UJI P-TANAH

Phosphorus:

The book says this:

• Bray 1: 0.025 M HCl = 0.03 M NH4F (for acidic soils)
• Mehlich 1: 0.05 M HCl + 0.025 M H2SO4 (for acidic soils)

• Olsen’s bicarbonate: 0.5 M NaHCO3 at pH 8.5 (for

neutral and alkaline soils; assumes all goes to H2CO3 in
acidic soils)

• Mehlich 3: 0.2 M acetic acid + 0.25 M ammonium nitrate

+ 0.015 M NH4F + 0.013 M HNO3 + + 0.001 M EDTA
 Uji K, Ca, Mg dan S
Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium:
Exchange with ammonium chloride, potassium
chloride or acetate (CEC). No one I know uses
the bicarbonate + DPTA extract mentioned. Total
digests are usually not useful except for
research purposes.

Sulfur:
SO42- is the preferred way, by water, phosphate,
LiCl.
Total S not usually useful except for research,
but with new CHNS analyzers, it is now easy to
get.
 Uji Unsur Hara Mikro
Boron: Hot water extract. Some people use cold
water and works just as well.

Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu: Many trials on this using 0.1 M

HCl, Coca-Cola (carbonic acid + sugar), chelates
like DPTA

Mo, Ni: Totals, resins, chelates

Soil tests are changing – resins are coming into

play now and must be checked against older
methods. Also, total analysis may become easier
now, as for example CHNS analysis.
 Uji tanah vs. Analisis Tanaman
Leibigs Law of the Minimum:
Growth is limited by the essential nutrient present
in the lowest relative amount.

Thus, the plant is the ultimate judge. However -

1. In annual crops, plant analysis may be too
late (already grown)
2. In forests and range, plant analysis is not too
late (growth goes on for years)
3. Plant analysis is generally more sensitive
than soil analysis.
 ANALISIS TANAMAN
1. Not generally favored by ag people because it is
"too late“ and doubles the analytical expense

2. Sangat disenangi oleh pakar kehutanan karena

dianggap lebih sensitif - tanaman merupakan
“arbiter” akhir
3. Analisis total tanaman : digunakan untuk riset-
riset pertanian dan kehutanan
4. Analisis daun, sering digunakan dalam
pendugaan status hara / nutrisi tanaman
5. Analisis kering oven (65oC)
6. Analisis Total - nilai-nilai ambang atau nilai
kritis.
.BATAS AMBANG HARA DALAM TGANAMAN
 .

• Analisis vektor untuk menduga respon

pertumbuhan (Bobot + Konsentrasi)

• DRIS (diagnosis recommendation integrated

system)
• Kisaran kritis hara tanaman
• Gejala defisiensi visual
• Mobile nutrients like N, S, P, Mg, K symptoms
appear on older tissues because of
translocation
• Unsur hara Imobil seperti Cu, Mn, Ca, Fe ;
gejala defisinesinya muncul pada jaringan
muda.
UNSUR HARA TANAMAN
 Unsur Hara Tanaman
Bagaimana tanaman memperoleh dan menggunakan hara?

1. Mengapa unsur hara itu penting?

2. Apa saja unsur hara esensial itu?
• Sistem klasifikasi hara
3. Unsur hara dalam tanah
• Ketersediaan hara
• Penjerapan oleh partikel tanah
• Efek pH tanah
4. Akar dan penyerapan hara
• Struktur Akar
• Zone penyerapan

4. Mycorrhizae
5. Nitrogen – unsur hara yang biasanya membatasi tanaman
 Mengapa unsur hara itu penting?

In most natural soils, the availability of mineral

nutrients limits plant growth and primary
productivity.

Nutrient limitation is an important selective

pressure and plants exhibit many special traits
related to the need to acquire and use mineral
nutrients efficiently.
 Apa saja unsur hara esensial?

Hara Makro - present in relatively high

concentrations in plant tissues.
N, K, P, Ca, Mg,S, Si
Nitrogen is most commonly limiting to productivity of
natural and managed soils. Phosphorus is next most
limiting, and is most limiting in some tropical soils.

Hara mikro - present in very low concentrations in

plant tissues.
 Ada 17 unsur hara esensial yang
dibutuhkan tanaman
Apa definisi unsur hara “essensial”?
1. In its absence the plant cannot complete a
normal life cycle
2. The element is part of an essential
molecule (macromolecule, metabolite)
inside the plant
 Most elements fall into both categories
above (e.g., structural vs. enzyme cofactor)
 These 17 elements are classified as
 9 hara makro (present at > 10 mmol / kg
dry wt.)
 8 hara mikro (< 10 mmol / kg dry wt.)
Uanru hara mikro dengan konsentrasi sangat rendah

ppm
Very low concentrations, but still essential
because of specialized roles in metabolism
I. Hara Tanaman
 Hara Makro / Mikro
 Hydroponics allowed us to see what was needed
 The necessary nutrients are those the plant can
not grow with out
 Dua Kategori:
 1. Hara Makro (C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg)

 Majority of the time used for the main

organic compounds
 2. Hara Mikro (Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ni)

 Mostly cofactors for particular enzymes (Fe -

> Cytochromes
Soils particles are generally negatively charged and so bind
positively charged nutrient ions (cations).
KTK atau CEC: Kemampuan tanah mengikat kation.

NH4+, NO3-, Cl-, PO4-2, SO4-2

pH tanah mempengaruhi ketersediaan hara dalam tanah.
AKAR
Mempunyai
permukaan yang
luas untuk
penyerapan hara
Bulu Akar = Root
hairs
 Bulu
akar =
Root
hairs
 Zone Penyerapan hara:

Konsentrasi hara menurun

karena diserrap akar

Zone ini di sekitar akar

tanaman

Fig. 5.7
Akar tanaman dan penyerap[an hara dari tanah

Akar-akar halus
dan bulu akar
menyerap hara
dari tanah.

Hifa mikoriza
membantu
penyerapan hara
oleh akar.
Pertukaran Kation antara bulu akar tanaman dengan partikel
liat tanah
K+

K+ K+

Clay
H+ particle K+

K+
K+
K+ K+

Root hair
 Mikoriza VAM (Vesicular
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza)

Di dalam akar tanaman

• Intercellular mycelium
• Intracellular arbuscule
• tree-like haustorium
• Vesicle with reserves

Di luar akar
• Spores (multinucleate)
• Hyphae
•thick runners
•filamentous hyphae

Membentuk jaring-jaring hifa yang

sangat ekstensif
 Bakteri fiksasi Nitrogen Fig. 38.07

Genus: Rhizobium

N2 NH4

Supply of electrons
Penyerapan
ion hara
 Penyerapan hara secara aktif

Proton pumps establish an

electrochemical gradient.

Outside
cell Net
(positive) positive
charge

Net negative
Inside cell charge
(negative)
Kation memasuki bulu akar melalui saluran atau Karier
Anion memasuki bulu akar melalui ko-transporter.
Konsep Kadar Kritis Hara tanaman

 Above critical
concentration, there is
no net benefit (e.g.,
yield increase) if more
nutrient is supplied

 Below critical
concentration, nutrient
level limits growth!
 Not shown on diagram:
all elements eventually
become toxic at very
high concentrations
Analisis jaringan tanaman menunjukkan defisiensi hara
Gejala defisiensi muncul kalau hara esensial
tidak ada (tidak cukup)
 Essential because of their
metabolic functions
 Characteristic deficiency
symptoms shown because of
these roles
 Typical deficiency responses are
 Chlorosis: yellowing; precursor to
 Necrosis: tissue death
 Expressed when a supply of an
essential metabolite becomes
limiting in the environment
 Element concentrations are
limiting for growth when they are
below the critical concentraion
 This is the concentration of
nutrient in the tissue just below the
level giving maximum growth
Kurangnya hara akan berpengaruh negatif terhadap
pertumbuhan tanaman
 Plant responses to limiting nutrients usually very
visible: affects yield/growth!
 Again, chlorosis and necrosis of leaves is typical
 Sometimes straightforward relationship
 e.g., in chlorosis (lack of green color),
 N: chlorophyll component
 Mg: cofactor in chlorophyll synthesis

Ctrl -P -N - Fe
- Ca
 REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Tujuan:
Menduga jumlah hara yang dibutuhkan untuk
pertumbuhan tanaman.

1. Berdasarkan sejarah lahan dan pertanaman

2. Berdasarkan pada produksi yang jelek atau
perhitungan estimasi serapan hara atanaman.
3. Based on plant or soil analysis; different labs
use different standards so recommendations
may differ
4. Masih belum tuntas, terutama untuk
kehutanan.
 KUALITAS PUPUK

1. Grade Pupuk: Jaminan persentase minimum

hara N, P (P2O5), K (K2O)
2. Additional nutrient contents are separately
specified
3. Total weight of bag content
4. Manufacturer
5. Sometimes the filler content and salt index
are specified
6. Beberapa material dapat memebntuk asam.
 PERHITUNGAN PUPUK
Note that the three numbers on the bag are N, P
as P2O5, and K as K2O or sometimes KCl

• Note that fertilizers do not actually contain P2O5

or K2O
This is an artifact of very old methods of
analysis where these nutrients were measured by
combustion and ended up as oxides which
needed to be weighed.

• See the calculations on p. 334, 335, and 336; we

will go over these in detail in class
 TEKNIK-TEKNIK APLIKASI PUPUK
• Starter: with the seed, low amounts
• Broadcast: spread evenly over the land (lowest
efficiency)
• Tidak dekat akr tanaman, dapat memberi
makan gulma
• Fiksasi P dalam tanah
• Mengapa dilakukan?
1. Cara yang praktis - pastures, etc.
2. Build up stocks in low-fertility soils
3. Mudak dan murah
4. Cara terbaik menambahkan pupuk
kepada tanaman yang telah mulai
tumbuh
 TEKNIK APLIKASI UPUPK.

Deep banding ; Dibenamkan ke tanah

1. Kedalaman 10-25 cm, misalnya pupuk anhydrous
ammonium
2. Penempatan pupuk pada lokasi yang dapat
dijangkau oleh akar tanaman
3. Biaya mahal.

•Split Application (Aplikasi ganda, tidak sekaligus)

1. Aplikasi pupuk dua hingga tiga kali
2. Terutama pupuk N, kandungan hara tersedia
dalam tanah akan kembali seperti semula dalam
waktu 4-12 bulan
3. Menyesuaikan dnegan irama penyerpaan hara
tanaman
4. Waktunya kritis
 .KAPAN APLIKASI PUPUK?

Sumbangan N-tersedia dalam tanah (dari

pupuk) sudah habis pada Juli-Agustus
NH4 + NO3
Soil
dalamNH4tanah
+ NO3

Aplikasi
Single
pupuk
fertilization
sekaligus
Aplikasi pupuk
Sumbangan N-
tersedia dalam
Split application
dua-kali tanah (dari
pupuk) masih
ada hingga
Nopember

Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

Aplikasi ganda vs Tunggal. Kapan puncak penyerapan hara terjadi?

 PEMUPUKAN DAN KETERSEDIAAN HARA ATANAH.
Recall that fertilization withP,P,K,Mg
Pemupukan K, Mg,dan
and other
haranutrients
lainnya can dapat
(but maymenjaga
not) keep soil
available levels elevatedhara
ketersediaan for a very longdalam
tanah time whereas this never
jangka happenstetapi
panjang, with N tidak
demikian halnya dnegan nitrogen
N ( juga dapat terjadi pada P)

Soil
Hara
Avail
ter-
sedia
Dapat terjadi pada P; juga berlaku bagi K, Ca, Mg
Nutr
dalam
tanah

N tersedia dalam
tanah mudah
hilang

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Years
Tahun
 .TEKNOLOGI APLIKASI PUPUK
1. Side dressing: setelah tanaman tumbuh
2. Point Injector fertilization: using a rod to
make a hole, put fertilizer deep near plant.
3. Dollop or tree tablet principle.
4. Fertigation: pupuk ditambahkan bersama
dengan air irigasi:
1. Tidak sama dnegan aplikasi daun.
2. Obviously require irrigation equipment;
not normal for forests or range soils
3. Sangat efisien
4. Biayanya mahal
 APLIKASI PUPUK DUAN

• Aplikasi pupuk melalui daun (Foliar application)

1. Bertujuan untuk penyerapan hara
lewat daun
2. Seringkali dilakukan untuk
mensuplai unsur mikro, kalau
diberikan melalui tanah akan
mengalami imobilisasi hara
3. Memerlukan bahan pembasah dan
bahan perekat
4. Respon tanaman cepat
 .EFISIENSI PUPUK

1. Didefinisikan sebagai persentase pupuk yang

secara aktual digunakan oleh tanaman; atau
diukur dalam bentuk hasil tanaman dan
keuntungan
2. Generally 30-70% for N, 5-30% for P, 50-80%
for K in crops, according to the book (sounds
high)
3. Generally 5-40% for N, P, and K in trees,
counting only what is in trees at any one time
4. However, trees recycle nutrients, and forest
floor contents can be re-used

5. Tidak mudah menilai dalam persentase.

 .EFISIENSI PUPUK
• Mengapa efisiensi pupuk relatif rendah?

1. Imobilisasi oleh mikroba tanah

2. "Fixation“ P dalam tanah
3. Jenis hara keliru
4. Waktu aplikasi pupuk tidak tepat
5. Dosis pupuk tidak tepat
6. Too low feeds microbes, which are
most efficient competitors
7. Too high in the case of N causes
nitrate leaching losses