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This document discusses the concept of democracy and democratic education. It defines democracy as rule by the people, with key aspects being equality, participation, freedom, and respect for human dignity. Democratic education aims to instill democratic values and have students actively participate in their education. It suggests democratic education be realized through democratic principles and processes in schools, like student involvement in decision making. The goals of democratic education are to produce citizens who can think critically and form independent judgments to improve society. This implies a flexible, broad curriculum; student-centered teaching; and empowering school administration and teachers.
This document discusses the concept of democracy and democratic education. It defines democracy as rule by the people, with key aspects being equality, participation, freedom, and respect for human dignity. Democratic education aims to instill democratic values and have students actively participate in their education. It suggests democratic education be realized through democratic principles and processes in schools, like student involvement in decision making. The goals of democratic education are to produce citizens who can think critically and form independent judgments to improve society. This implies a flexible, broad curriculum; student-centered teaching; and empowering school administration and teachers.
This document discusses the concept of democracy and democratic education. It defines democracy as rule by the people, with key aspects being equality, participation, freedom, and respect for human dignity. Democratic education aims to instill democratic values and have students actively participate in their education. It suggests democratic education be realized through democratic principles and processes in schools, like student involvement in decision making. The goals of democratic education are to produce citizens who can think critically and form independent judgments to improve society. This implies a flexible, broad curriculum; student-centered teaching; and empowering school administration and teachers.
College of Education Division of Curriculum and Instruction WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? • Greek words • demos = people • kratos = power • demokratia = rule of the people • “the government of people, by people and for people” • President Abraham Lincoln WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? Main Features of Democracy (Alshurman, 2015) • equality • social and political participation • freedom of decision via voting • the demise of violence method in the realization of social and political goals • the practice of compromise • the elementary value of human as a human being and • a free atmosphere to ensure this value WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? Based on two assumptions (Henderson): • the infinite value and worth of human personality • belief that men are capable of managing their own affairs in such a way as to promote the welfare of all and that, therefore, they should have the freedom to do so WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? • a set of principles and concepts about freedom • institutionalization of freedom
Freedom is characterized by recognizing one’s intrinsic
dignity and absolute rights in a society (Crick, 2002) • type of government • way of life – “a determining influence in every major area of life” (Bode) WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? • free to practice religion of his choice • free to choose spouse of her choice • free to select the form of education they wish to achieve • minorities are given equal right of participating in politics and influence society • minorities are provided with complete protection against violation and assault • woman is presented with equal rights and opportunities as a man The best way to create awareness about democracy is to incorporate democratic education and administration in educational institutes • Lappé (2006) WHAT IS DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? WHAT IS DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? • an educational ideal in which democracy is both a goal and a method of instruction brings democratic values to education WHAT IS DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Functional Ethical Values (UNESCO, 1995) 1) Freedom and respect for human dignity expressed by human rights • Difficult to teach • Human rights express imperfectly the complexity and wealth of human dignity. • Human rights are highly diversified and contain opposing social rationales • The teacher needs a great deal of knowledge and to be very free oneself to be capable of producing experiences of liberation. WHAT IS DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Functional Ethical Values (UNESCO, 1995) 2) organized dialogue (debate) • a decision making process of implementation • covers respect for truth common to all (in the most believable form) • tolerance • and the ongoing quest for objective processes of negotiation • it calls for ceaseless vigilance, restoring confidence in its effectiveness and awareness of its necessity, rather than taking the easy way of simply applying administrative measures (UNESCO, 1995) WHAT IS DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Functional Ethical Values (UNESCO, 1995) 3) Exemplariness • the concrete form of respect for creativity • The ability to practise what one preaches and prove one's ideas in action. • new experiments in participation, interpersonal relations and dialogue, and be in advance of the rest of society • we are all responsible for famine, war, unemployment and poverty WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Best Realized Through the Following Processes (Hecth, 2010)
1) making democratic principles a part of school life;
2) accepting that the learners are sophisticated; 3) accepting that inner motivation is the starting point of learning; 4) supporting the learner’s self-discipline and responsibility; WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Best Realized Through the Following Processes (Hecth, 2010)
5) encouraging the learner to create his/her own learning
strategies and accepting that the learner can plan his/her own learning; 6) promoting supporting self-evaluation; 7) including content in the curriculum related to democracy; and 8) creating a teacher-student relationship based on dialog during this educational process and its applications WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? How can freedom be taught? The right to freedom of expression is the right - not only granted, but awakened, encouraged and guided, if necessary - of every pupil to set the world to rights in class, to think about major values, to question the foundations of science, the arts, religion, life in society, and also the quality of the teaching he or she receives. • UNESCO (2015) WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Main Aim: to produce democratic citizens who can not only understand objectively the plethora of social, political, economic and cultural problems but also form their own independent judgment on these complicated problems. • spirit of tolerance • courage of convictions • passion for social justice and social service • power of judgment, scientific thinking and weighing the right and the wrong • social minded human beings • for a fully developed person WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) 1) Democratic Citizenship: (a) Clear Thinking - power of discrimination of truth from falsehood. (b) Clearness in Speech and Writing - for better exchange of ideas among people (c) Art of Living with the Community - discipline, co-operation, social sensitiveness and tolerance. WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) (d) Sense of True Patriotism: (i) A sincere appreciation of the social and cultural achievements of one’s country, (ii) a readiness to recognize its weaknesses frankly, (iii) a resolve to serve it to the best of one’s ability and (iv) to subordinate one’s interests to the broader national interests. (e) Development of Sense of World Citizenship WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) 2) Improvement of Vocational Efficiency: creation of right attitude to work, promotion of technical skills and efficiency 3) Development of Personality discovering of hidden talents, cultivating rich interests in art, literature and culture necessary for self-expression and assigning a place of honour to the subjects like art, craft, music, dance and hobbies in the curriculum. 4) Training in Leadership leadership in social, political, economic, industrial or cultural fields WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION?
Democracy will become successful only, if
the citizens are intellectually advanced and educated. In democracy, the opinion of the people influences government policies. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Curriculum: • flexible • cater to the diverse tastes and temperaments, aptitudes and abilities, needs and interests of the pupils • Suit the changing needs of the times • broad-based • includes totality of experiences that a pupil receives • take into account the local conditions and environmental demands • not be separated into fragmented parts WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Methods of Teaching: • de-emphasize excessive mechanization and indoctrination • encourage pupil’s participation in teaching learning process • provide ample scope to think and reflect • host of modern and dynamic methods of teaching: learning by doing, the laboratory and experimental method, project method, Montessori method, problem-based learning • emphasis given on pupil’s active participation, initiative, enquiry, interests, judgment power and independent thinking • Teacher guides, directs and encourages pupils to explore the vast repertoire of knowledge WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Role of Teacher in a Democracy: • Success of a democracy depends largely on the teacher • has to manipulate the environment and make use of all opportunities • to enrich and experience of the pupils and to ensure their all-round development of personality • not a dictator or autocrat, but a philosopher, stage-setter, guide and a vigilant supervisor • provides ample freedom, love and sympathy to pupils • objective—free from any form of prejudices and favoritism WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Discipline in Democracy: • consists in the control by the rational self • not external, rather internal, inner and thus self- imposed • based on the pillars of love, sympathy, co- operation and human relationship • Self discipline is the essence or core of democratic living WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? School Administration and Management in a Democracy: • teachers should be given ample freedom in • framing or planning the policy of the school • organizing activities • preparing curriculum • selecting methods of teaching • conducting research • making innovations in teaching and education • should eschew extreme concentration of power, the unshared responsibility, regimentation of authority and unrestrained freedom. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION? Role of School: • Equality of treatment and opportunity should be the rule of the institution. • “Schools ought to stress the duties and responsibilities of individual citizens. They ought to train pupils in a spirit of cheerful willing and effective service. They should teach citizenship directly. Everywhere there should be a spirit of team work. School is a prepared environment in which child may best blossom” (Ross, 2013). WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION?
Unless teachers become pioneers of
learning, imaginative enough to place together what is known and what is to be experienced, we cannot say that our institutions of learning have advanced. • John Dewey DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES • The curriculum has failed to address the needs of the students • Inadequacy of training for teachers • Economic and political priorities of the government officials • The pathological nature of Philippine bureaucracy DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES • “There is hardly any socio-political awareness in the minds of graduates. The first thing they have in mind is to seek employment.” (Estioko, 1994) • We must first locate the Filipino identity before we can come up with a valid Philosophy of Education that could be applicable for Filipinos (Quito, 2005) • There is a need to understand our history. DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES • fragmented knowledge maintains divisions • Interdisciplinarity is also a major intellectual challenge, a factor in the culture of democracy. It is the ability to embrace issues in all their true complexity, and that complexity alone can involve us in practice. (UNESCO, 2015) “The devotion of democracy to education is a familiar fact. A government resting upon popular suffrage cannot be successful unless those who govern and obey their governors are educated” • John Dewey