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RAM is a type of semiconductor memory that uses transistors and capacitors to store charges. The most common types are DRAM, which must be refreshed constantly, and SRAM, which does not need to be refreshed but is more expensive. As computer systems evolved, RAM packaging changed from DIPPs to SIPPs to SIMMs to DIMMs to support increasing memory capacities and speeds required by newer CPUs and architectures. RAM specifications like timing, banking, and error correction continued improving to meet evolving computing needs.
RAM is a type of semiconductor memory that uses transistors and capacitors to store charges. The most common types are DRAM, which must be refreshed constantly, and SRAM, which does not need to be refreshed but is more expensive. As computer systems evolved, RAM packaging changed from DIPPs to SIPPs to SIMMs to DIMMs to support increasing memory capacities and speeds required by newer CPUs and architectures. RAM specifications like timing, banking, and error correction continued improving to meet evolving computing needs.
RAM is a type of semiconductor memory that uses transistors and capacitors to store charges. The most common types are DRAM, which must be refreshed constantly, and SRAM, which does not need to be refreshed but is more expensive. As computer systems evolved, RAM packaging changed from DIPPs to SIPPs to SIMMs to DIMMs to support increasing memory capacities and speeds required by newer CPUs and architectures. RAM specifications like timing, banking, and error correction continued improving to meet evolving computing needs.
with transistors and capacitors. DRAM- Dynamic RAM – Most popular type of electronic memory in the PC world. – Must be refreshed constantly or it loses its contents SRAM- Static RAM- very expensive – does not have to be refreshed RAM Random Access Memory
OriginallyRAM had a 640 K limit
The 8088 could use only use 256 K per row
Needed improved MCC before more RAM
could be added MCC and Parity
MCC- Memory Controller Chip
– “Fetches” memory for the CPU from RAM Parity – Extra chip – For error detection – Usually seen as a “ninth” or odd number chip – MCC must be designed to handle parity Evolution of RAM packages
DIPPS- first generation of DRAM chips
– 2 rows on either side – easy to install wrong or break – Installed a chip at a time – Needed to create a row – So why have to install all chips? 30 pin SIPPS
Page 160- With SIPPS RAM was on a small
board that installed on motherboard Memory was more than one bit wide, so you could have more memory and fewer rows But pins were still easy to break 30 Pin SIMMS
No visible pins hanging off, so you couldn’t
break it Always 8 bits wide, though depths could vary Can’t tell depth by looking at it
Whether you need parity depends on
motherboard You can disable parity in CMOS Access in Nanoseconds (ns) The lower the better. 200 ns on the 8088, now less than 50 ns Banking
Accessing more than one row of DRAM at
a time Only possible with the 286 and later
Width of RAM must equal external data bus
RAM was always 8 bits wide
More rows were added to equal data bus
8 bits times 4 rows equals 32 bits
Banking continued
All SIMMs in the same bank must be
identical You can have different total types but all of the members of one bank must be identical All SIMMs in bank should be same speed
Totally “populated” or totally
“unpopulated” On to the 72 pin SIMMs
Modern Computers needed too many 30 pin
SIMMs to make a bank to match the modern 64 bit data bus New memory needed, to eliminate space
The 72 pin SIMM is 32 bits wide, not 8 bits
like previous RAM like 30 pin SIMMs Only 2 SIMMs needed for bank in Pentium 168 Pin DIMM DIMM: Dual-inline memory module (has DRAM chips on both sides) 64 bits wide, not 32
Each side of each pin has separate function
SO-DIMMS used in laptops and have only
72 pins so are much shorter A bank is formed when
X * Width of SIMM chip=Width of external
data bus X=sticks in one bank Can you mix DIMMs and SIMMs? Types of RAM
EDO- Extended data out- doesn’t need to
be refreshed as often. Can be on either 72 pin SIMM or 168 pin DIMM. Don’t mix with FPM RAM SDRAM- Synchronized DRAM tied to system clock, 5 times faster than DRAM. Is available only on DIMMs ECC RAM- Errors detected and fixed ROM- Read-only memory
PROM- Programmable Read Only
Memory- can be programmed only once and are then read only- cannot be erased or changed EPROM- Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EEPROM- Electrically Erasable Read-Only Memory