BAGIAN 5

ISU PENELITIAN,
MASALAH POKOK dan
DESAIN PENELITIAN
 PROSES PENELITIAN

TEORI 1 ISU PENELITIAN EMPIRIS

2 IDENTIFYING AND FORMULATING THE

RESEARCH PROBLEM/OPPORTUNITY

3 DETERMINE THE RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA SOURCES

4 DESIGN SAMPLE

5 DEVELOP MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

6 COLLECT AND PREPARE DATA

7 ANALYZE AND INTERPRET DATA

8 COMMUNICATE RESULTS
 1 ISU PENELITIAN

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Social Issues "clay beats "Clay Beats Liston: February 25, 1964" From the accounts
liston: february of various Kentucky newspapers, I was able to learn a few
25, 1964" facts about Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, as
well as the attitudes of his fellow Kentuckians. The first thing
I noticed in all the newspapers that I viewed was that almost
all the articles written about the fight were written by writers
from either the ...

Social Issues Coca-cola and Coca-Cola and its Evolution The Coca-Cola company
its evolution started out as an insignificant one man business and over
the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of
the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the
company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator
is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola
could not have become over a 50 bill...
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GORY

Social Informatinn on Informatinn on Black Libraries Namibia Resource

Issues black libraries Centre Southern Africa Library The Library The
library's collection of books focuses primarily on
southern Africa and publications originating from
the region. Its holdings of publications printed in
Namibia since the early 1950s are probably the
most extensive outside Africa. The collection
contains publications in European and Afr...

Social Kinship as a Kinship as a Mechanism for Social Integrating Joey

Issues mechanism for Rahimi It is often demonstrated in many
social integrating anthropological studies that kinship acts as an
important means for social integrating in a given
society. But is it a fair generalization to say that
kinship always functions as a mechanism for social
integration? Kinship refers to the relationships
established through marriage or descent g...
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GORY

Social Leaders are being Leaders Are Being Influenced Dominantly By Either
Issues influenced Confidence Or Competence Before a person can take
dominantly by either any action to lead their followers, they must be able to
confidence or recognize approximately where their followers are in
competence the developmental cycle. To do this, he or she must
watch closely the actions of his or her followers and
determine to what degree their actions are being
influenced dominantl...

Social Linking media with Linking Media with Fitness Perceptions: A Study on the
Issues fitness perceptions: Affect of Media on Fitness and Body Image Abstract
a study on the affect This research examined the media and how it affects
of media on fitness fitness and body image. This was assessed by
and body image collecting data from surveys taken by three groups of
ten high school students, five of each sex. Two of the
three groups were exposed to different media
packages, one depicted image...
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GORY

Social Literature: tool for the Literature: Tool For The Masses to Grasp and Form
Issues masses to grasp and Opinions on A Subject Over the centuries, one of the
form opinions on a most important tools available to protesting groups was
subject literature. Some of the most famous protest literature in
the world has its roots in American history. For example,
some great American authors of protest literature
include Thomas Paine, Thomas Nast, John C. Calhoun,
and Martin...

Social Mad magazine: its MAD Magazine: Its Success MAD Magazine is a counter
Issues success culture publication that was founded in the 1960's by
William M. Gaines. The magazine satirizes everything
from popular television and entertainment, to important
political issues and government leaders. Despite the fact
that MAD contains no advertisements, it has flourished
for more than three decades and is still widely rea...
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GORY

Social Mcdonaldization: McDonaldization: Health in A Fastfood Society

Issues health in a fastfood McDonaldization, is the term Ritzer derived from the
society McDonalds' fast food chain to describe the state of our
society. Ritzer claims our social institutions have become
completely dehumanized in the form of a bureaucracy.
Health care is an example of one institution that is
characterized by the four components of bureaucracy:
efficiency, ...

Social Movie: last of the Movie: Last of the Mohicans Last of the Mohicans is set
Issues mohicans in 1757 in the third year of a war in North America over
land and territory. Mostly, the war is between the English
and the French, but each side has taken up Indian allies
to assist them. The main story in the Last of the
Mohicans is the love of an adopted Mohican, Hawk-eye,
and Cora, the daughter of an English general...
 TEORI JARINGAN KERJA
1. Jaringan kerja / network - bagaimana informasi
terbentuk dan ditukar dalam organisasi
2. Ada 3 pandangan tentang teori jaringan :
 Posisi
 Relasional
 Budaya
3. Ada 2 jenis utama informasi :
1. Informasi absolut (absolut information) yakni informasi
yang harus patut diketahui oleh semua anggota
2. Informasi yang harus didistribusikan (distributed
information) adalah informasi yang dikhususkan kepada
siapa informasi itu harus disebarkan.
Peter Monge dan Eric Eisenberg
4. Juga ada 3 bagian utama analisis jaringan kerja (net work);
yakni :

1. Level analisis (individu, kelompok, organisasi)

2. Fungsi informasi yang yang dipertukarkan
3. Struktur arus informasi yang disalurkan

Individu

1. Load of information - jumlah informasi yang diterima,

misalnya muatan informasi (fungsi dari kelengkapan suatu
informasi dan kecepatannya.)
2. Underload – terjadi ketika kecepatannya itu berada di bawah
kemampuan individu untuk memprosesnya
3. Overload terjadi ketika kecepatannya melebihi kemampuan
individu untuk memprosesnya
 PR ISSUES TEORI JARINGAN KERJA
Informasi Informasi yang harus didistribusikan
(distributed information) adalah informasi
yang dikhususkan kepada siapa informasi
itu harus disebarkan.
Individu
• Load of information - jumlah informasi
yang diterima, misalnya muatan
informasi (fungsi dari kelengkapan
suatu informasi dan kecepatannya.)
• Underload – terjadi ketika
kecepatannya itu berada di bawah
kemampuan individu untuk
memprosesnya
• Overload terjadi ketika kecepatannya
melebihi kemampuan individu untuk
memprosesnya
EMPIRIS
• Anggota organisasi tidak
mengetahui informasi
• Customer dan relasi tidak
mengetahui informasi
• Informasi yang diterima tidak
lengkap, tidak sesuai dengan
harapan
• Informasi yang diterima
terlambat, tidak tepat waktu
• Informasi yang dikirimkan
terlalu banyak
kembangkan isu penelitia
dari contoh ini
 ISU PENELITIAN

Social, Cultural and Religious Issues in Genetic Research

Genetics, Race and Ethnicity

• The use of genetic information related to racial, ethnic and

other minorities.
– Genetics, Gender and the Family - How genetic information can
affect women and families.
– Genetics, Behavior and Mental Illness - The role of genetic
information in assessing how genes influence behavior and
mental illnesses.
– Genetics and the Media - Public perceptions of genetic
technology and genetic information.
– Philosophical and Religious Perspectives - The philosophical and
religious issues raised by human genome research.
 2 IDENTIFYING AND FORMULATING
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM/OPPORTUNITY

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF A RESEARCH TOPIC

1. NOVEL – When considering a research topic, the researcher has to focus on one which
has not been investigated before. In the event that the problem has been studied
before, he has to inject originality in it by coming up with another research design,
using a different data-gathering tool or a different scheme for analyzing the research
data.
2. INTERESTING – The researcher needs to consider his interest in the choice of a
research problem. Interest counts a lot in the conduct of a study. If a researcher is
not interested in the topic, it will be difficult on his part to put his heart and soul in
it.
3. RELEVANT – The results of the study on a given problem should be of practical value
to the researcher and the significant others in the field.
This means that once the study had been completed, its findings, its conclusions and
recommendations can be used in improving practices or solving an identified
difficulty.

• Will the results add knowledge to information already available in the

field?
 4. FEASIBLE – This means that a problem that an
investigator is going to work on can be completed
without undue amount of time, money or effort.
Feasibility of research also means that the
researcher has the necessary competence or
expertise to conduct the study on the chosen
problem.
J199 under Prof. R.E.Khan
• Is the topic too broad? (e.g. the effects of TV
violence on children)
• Can the problem really be investigated? (e.g.
availability of information)
• What costs and time are involved in the
analysis?

5. RESEARCHABLE – Data can be collected to answer the problem posed by the

researcher.
• Can the data be analyzed? (Can the data be measured?)
6. ETHICAL – A problem is said to be ethical when it does not involve physical or
psychological harm or damage to human beings or organizations. In other words, a
study on a particular topic should not put people or institutions in a bad light.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH –
asks “what is” and suggests a
survey research design;
2. RELATIONSHIP RESEARCH – asks
what is the relationship between
two or more variables and
implies a correlational design.
3. DIFFERENCE RESEARCH – asks
what is the difference between
two or more groups/
approaches;
 What is the prevailing organizational culture
in broadcast networks?
 What is the status of the professional
satisfaction of provincial radio journalists?
 What is the level of ethical awareness of
newspaper beat reporters in Metro Manila?
• Does a commitment to ethics among media
practitioners depend on their educational or
professional training?
• Has the number of students pursuing a degree
in journalism been affected by the issue of
slain journalists?
• How does the relationship between the mayor
and beat reporters affect the latters’
coverage of city hall?

• Is there a significant difference in the number of UP journalism and broadcast

graduates who actually pursue a career in their field of study?
• Is there a difference between the work values of journalists who come from the State
University vis-à-vis the private schools?
• How do male and female journalists compare in their coverage of disasters?
 FOCUSING ON THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
• The problem is the of any research project. Without a focused problem,
there is no research.
• In order to be able to identify a research problem, a researcher needs to
know what are the available sources.
• A research problem is usually posed as a question, preferably a direct and
simple one.

There are generally two ways of stating a research problem:

1. DECLARATIVE OR DESCRIPTIVE – usually used in stating the main
problem/ general objective
2. IN QUESTION FORM – usually used in stating the sub-problems/specific
objectives

Sub-problems/specific objectives simply breakdown the main problem into small units. It should be:
• each sub-problem should be a completely researchable unit;
• interpretation of data must be apparent with each sub-problem;
• the sub-problems must add up to the totality of the main problem.
• QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
PROBLEMS PROBLEMS
– Specific – General
– Closed – Open
– Static – Evolving
– Outcome oriented – Process oriented
– Use of specific variables

Sources of Research Problems

– Personal interests and experiences
• The use of formative tests in a statistics class
• The use of technology in a research class
– Deductions from theory
• The effectiveness of math manipulatives
• The effectiveness of a mastery approach to learning research

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 3 DETERMINE THE RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA SOURCES

DELIMITING RESEARCH
• Research question
Major Components of
Research Designs • Theory
• Data

• One way of making a study on a problem more focused is by delimiting it.

• Delimiting research is giving full disclosure of what the researcher intends to do or
does not intend to do.
• When a researcher is able to set the scope and delimitation of his study, he can
make his research manageable. At the same time, this can direct him to the choice
of research method to employ.

Points for delimiting study:

1. Purpose of study
2. Time coverage of investigation
3. Geographical coverage of inquiry
4. Variables to be studied
5. Specific indicators of variables
6. Types and size of respondents if the study
7. Data collection tools
Major Components of
Research Designs
• Definition: A general statement of
a proposition that argues why
events occur as they do and/or
predicts future outcomes as a
function of prior conditions
• General/concrete trade-off
• Desirable qualities of theories
– Falsification (Karl Popper)
– Parsimony (Occam’s razor)
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• THEORY
• DATA
There are generally two ways of stating
a research problem:
1. DECLARATIVE OR DESCRIPTIVE –
usually used in stating the main
problem/ general objective
2. IN QUESTION FORM – usually used in
stating the sub-problems/specific
objectives

• Terms
– Cases
– Observations
– Variables
• Dependent variables
• Independent variables
– Units of analysis
• Mapping between the abstract and concrete (we’ll come back to this)
– Measures
– Indicators
 DESIGN TYPES
• One-shot case study
• One-group pre-test/post-test
• Static group comparison
• Pre-test/post-test with control group
• Solomon four-group design
• Post-test only experiment

[Running example: racial discrimination in resumes]

 One-shot Case Study
• Summary:
X O
or
O X
• Journalism
• Common sense
• “of no scientific value”
 One-group Pre-test/Post-test
• Summary:
O X O

• Better than nothing

• Standard way of doing most research
• Big problems
– No comparison group
– No random assignment
• Encourages “samples of convenience”
 Static group comparison
• Summary:
X O1
-----------
O2
• This is most cross-sectional & correlational analysis
• Problems
– Selection into the two groups
– No pre-“treatment” measurement
 Pre-test/Post-test Control Group
• Summary:
R O1T X O2T
--------------------------------
R O1C O2C

• Effect of treatment:
[O2T – O1T] – [O2C – O1C]
• This is the classic randomized experiment
• Problem: “Hawthorne effect”
 Solomon Four-Group Design
• Summary:
R O X O
R O O
R X O
R O

• Allows you to control for the effect of the

experiment itself
 Post-test only experiment
• Summary:
R X O
R O
• No prior observation (assume O1T = O1C)
• Classical scientific and agricultural
experimentalism
 Where do standard political science studies
fall among the Stanley/Campbell designs?
• One-shot case study
– Little scientific value, but may be descriptively useful
• One-group pre-test/post-test
– Often used in policy analysis
– Only justified as a “best design” if there are ethical or other constraints
• Static group comparison
– Correlational studies by far the most common “scientific” social science research
• Pre-test/post-test with control group
– “Real” experiments uncommon, but growing in frequency
– “Quasi-experiments” growing more rapidly
• Solomon four-group design
– Don’t recall ever seeing this
• Post-test only experiment
– Leads to weaker statistical tests