DROUGHTS

Presented by: Pauline L. Umandap

 DROUGHTS
• DROUGHT IS A CLIMATIC ANOMALY BY
DEFICIT SUPPLY OF MOISTURE.

• IT IS A PERIOD OF BELOW-AVERAGE
PRECIPITATION AT ANY GIVEN REGION,
RESULTING IN PROLONGED SHORATGES
IN WATER SUPPLY,WHETHER
ATMOSPHERIC, SURFACE WATER OR
GROUND WATER.
DROUGHTS
DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES: 2015
DROUGHT IN TEXAS: 2011
DROUGHT IN CHINA: 2007
DROUGHT IN AFRICA: 2011
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
DROUGHTS
•SLOW ONSET
•DIVERSE IN LOCATION AND DURATION
•DIFFICULT TO MEASURE THE
SOCIETAL IMPACTS
 CLASSIFICATION OF
DROUGHTS
A. Based on Source of Water Availability
1. METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT
2. HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT
3. AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
B. On the basis of time of occurrence
1. PERMANENT DROUGHT
2. SEASONAL DROUGHT
3. CONTINGENT DROUGHT
C. On the Basis of Medium
1. SOIL DROUGHT
2. ATMOSPHERIC DROUGHT
 Based on Source of Water
Availability
1. METEROLOGICAL DROUGHT
• IT IS A SITUATION WHERE THERE IS MORE THAN 25%
DECREASE IN PRECIPITATION FROM NORMAL OVER
AN AREA.
• The meteorological droughts mainly indicate deficit rain of
different quantum. Drought is classified as follows from the
rainfall departure:
 Based on Source of Water
Availability
Slight drought : When rainfall is 11 to 25% less from
the normal rainfall.
Moderate drought : When rainfall is 26 to 50% less than
the normal rainfall.
Severe drought : When rainfall is more than 50% less
than the normal rainfall
 Based on Source of Water
Availability
2. HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT
• It is defined as the situation of deficit rainfall when the
hydrological sources like streams, rivers, lakes, wells dry up
and ground water level depletes. This affects industry and
power generation.
• Hydrological drought has 4 components:
a) Magnitude c) Frequency of occurrence
b) Duration d) Severity
 Based on Source of Water
Availability
• In the study of hydrological drought it is important to adopt
different techniques for study of (i)surface water deficit and
(ii) groundwater deficit.
• The surface water aspect of drought studies is essentially
related to the stream and the following techniques are
commonly adopted:
1. Low-flow duration curve
2. Low-flow frequency analysis
3. Stream flow Modeling
 Based on Source of Water
Availability
1. AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
• This is the situation resulted from inadequate rainfall, when
soil moisture falls to short to meet the water demands of the
crop during growth. Thus affects crop may wilt due to soil
moisture stress resulting into reduction of yield.
 ARIDITY INDEX

• IN THIS AI CALCULATION, AET IS CALCULATED ACCORDING TO

THORNTHWITE’S WATER BALANCE TECHNIQUE, TAKING INTO
ACCOUNT PET, ACTUAL RAINFALL AND FIELD CAPACITY OF THE SOIL.
AI IS USED AS AN INDICATOR OF POSSIBLE MOISTURE STRESS
EXPERIENCED BY CROPS.
• THE DEPARTURE OF AI FROM ITS CORRESPONDING NORMAL VALUE IS
CALLED AI ANOMALY WHICH REPRESENTS MOISTURE SHORTAGE.
 ARIDITY INDEX
BASED ON AI ANOMALY, THE INTENSITY OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT IS AS
FOLLOWS:
 On the basis of time of
Occurrence
Drought differs in time and period of their occurrence and on
this basis Thormathwite delineated following three areas.
1. Permanent Drought Area
This is the area generally of permanent dry, arid p desert
regions. Crop production due to inadequate rainfall is not
possible without irrigation. In the these areas vegetation like
cactus. Thorny shrubs, xerophytes etc. are generally
observed.

2. Seasonal Drought
It occurs in the regions with clearly defined as rainy (wet) and
dry climates. Seasonal drought may occur due to large scale
seasonal circulation. This happens in monsoon areas.
 On the basis of time of
Occurrence
3. Contingent drought
This results due to irregular and variability in rainfall,
especially in humid and sub humid regions. The occurrence
of such droughts may coincide with grand growth periods of
the crops when the water needs are critical and greatest
resulting into severity of the effects i.e. yield reduction.
 On the basis of Medium:
On the basis of medium in which drought occurs. Mexico (1929) has divided
the drought into two types.
1. Soil drought
It is the condition when soil moisture depletes and falls short
to meet potential Evapotranspiration of the crop.

2. Atmospheric drought:
This results from low humidity, dry and hot winds and causes
desiccation of plants. This may occur even when the rainfall
and moisture supply is adequate.
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
• INVOLVES SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM
STRATEGIES.

1. Early Warning Providing drought mitigating measures

through proper soil and water
2. Monitoring and Assessment conservation, irrigation scheduling and
of Droughts cropping patterns.
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Major drought years are associated Major drought
years are associated with El Nino events with El Nino
events.
• El Nino years are associated with less El Nino years
are associated with less number of typhoons number
of typhoon.
DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
IMPACTS OF DROUGHT
•Crop Failure
•Reduced Irrigated Areas
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
IMPACTS OF DROUGHT
•Crop Failure
•Reduced Irrigated Areas

ANGAT WATER SUPPLY

DOWN TO CRITICAL LEVEL
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
IMPACTS TO WATER SUPPLY (Water
Shortage)
• Less water for domestic use
• Loss of target collection / income
• Additional operational cost - Occurrence of water-borne
diseases
• Water quality problems
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
IMPACTS TO IRRIGATION (Water
Shortage)
• Loss of target collection to NIA (Irrigation Service Fee)
• Reduction of farmers income
• Opportunity loss for NIA
• Increase in the no. of crimes
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
IMPACTS TO HYDROPOWER (water shortage)
• Opportunity losses
• Increase in the use of other sources of power such as coal,
thermal, etc.
DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Adaptation Strategies
1. Utilization of drought and submergence tolerant rice
varieties
(2008 -dry season) GMA –RICE
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Adaptation Strategies
2. Use of improved crop varieties that are resistant to pest and
diseases (2006 – 2007)
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) and PhilRice &
Bureau of Agricultural Research and CLSU P 5.0 M
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Adaptation Strategies
3. Sustainable System of Irrigated Agriculture (SSIA)
P 50.0 M (2008 ‐2010)
National Irrigation Administration Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Adaptation Strategies
4. LOCALIZED IRRIGATION (DRIP IRRIGATION – water is applied by wetting
only a part of the soil in the field through emitter.
Highly efficient as water is conveyed through a pipe system;
Water is applied directly to each plant such that only the soil near each plant is
wetted;
Facilitates fertigation and thus, could increase yield by 20% to 70%
Suitable in steep and undulating slopes, and sandy soils
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Adaptation Strategies
5. NIA has embarked a program to repair and rehabilitate more than 300,000
ha of unserviceable irrigated farmlands (2006 – 2010)
 DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Adaptation Strategies
6. Intensify establishment of rainwater
harvesting structures (e.g. SWIP) P 1.5 B
(2008 – 2010) Bureau of Soils and Water
management
7. Monitoring, provision of shallow tube
wells, and fingerling dispersal to
vulnerable areas with high impact to Inland
aquaculture
P 35.5 M Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources 7
DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES

(ACCORDING TO
PAGASA)