ELEMENTS OF

RESEARCH

JOSELITO A. CAUNIN
Teacher III
OBJECTIVES

Identify and describe the elements of

research
BASIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL TEMPLATE
Introduction and Rationale
Literature Review
Research Questions
Scope and Limitation
Research Methodology
Sampling
Data Collection
Ethical Issues
Plan for Data Analysis
BASIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL TEMPLATE

Time Table / Gantt Chart

Cost Estimates
Plans for Dissemination and Advocacy
References
ACTION RESEARCH TEMPLATE

Context and Rationale

Action Research Questions
Proposed Innovation, Intervention and Strategy
Participants and/or other Sources of Data and
Information
Data Gathering Methods
Data Analysis Plan
ACTION RESEARCH TEMPLATE

Action Research Work Plan and Timelines

Cost Estimates
Plans for Dissemination and Utilization
Reference
 Heading

Logo of School / District

ACTION RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Title _____________________________________________________

Proponent/s _____________________________________________________

School _____________________________________________________

Noted:

____________________
Principal/School Head
____________________________________
Public Schools Division Superintendent
Checked by:

__________________________________ Date____________________
School / District Research Committee
 Heading

Logo of School / District

ACTION RESEARCH MONITORING REPORT

Title _____________________________________________________

Proponent/s _____________________________________________________

School _____________________________________________________

DATE MONITORING OFFICIAL REMARKS SIGNATURE

 Heading

Logo of School / District

ACTION RESEARCH TERMINAL REPORT

Title _____________________________________________________

Proponent/s _____________________________________________________

School _____________________________________________________

Noted:

____________________
Principal/School Head
____________________________________
Public Schools Division Superintendent
Reviewed by:

__________________________________ Date____________________
School / District Research Committee
TITLE PAGE

“Title Format” – capitals for first letter of all

important words.
With a maximum of 8-15 words
Should be formal rather than clever or cute
(especially in quantitative researches)
 should. However, still clearly indicate the
main topic and if possible, the research
design of the study.
TITLE PAGE

…should clearly reflect the main theme, issue or

position discussed in the proposal
…should accurately reflect the nature and focus
of the study and not create false expectations
(Feldman, 2004:2)
…should be as specific as possible given the
restriction of length
 TITLE PAGE

Make a strong statement. Convey to the

readers exactly what your proposal is
about and the methodology that you
are using. Readers are more likely to find
and read your article if the title is
informative.

A “catchy” title can make a difference.

 ABSTRACT
 A brief
synopsis/short summary of the proposed
research
Helps to establish a frame of reference for the
reviewers as they begin to read the proposal
Most reviewers first scan the abstract in order to
decide whether it is worthwhile – important
“window display” or “advertisement” of your
proposal
 Abstract

Provides an opportunity to impress the reviewer

•Should be brief – 200-300 words
•Concisely states the objectives and methods
to be used.
•Most common weakness of abstracts: vaguely
written that they do not grab the
reviewer’s/reader’s attention
•Keep in mind to give the reviewer’s/reader’s
enough concrete information to grab attention
 Abstract
The abstract is normally written as a single
paragraph. It is self contained (i.e.it should be
understandable without requiring the reader
something else)

•The abstract should not contain figures, tables or

in-text references, just normal text. In-text
references may, however, be included when one
is replicating a previous study and is specifically
mentioned in the abstract
 introduction

It must arouse the interest of the reader

and convince him/her that the research is
worth reading.

The original source of the problem is

discussed in this portion.
Introduction

• It is an explanation of the
circumstances which prompted
the researcher to pursue the
study.
• Observed prevailing and existing
conditions related to the problem
should be clearly described to
justify the choice of the study.
 Content and rationale

•Stated in such a way that its

importance is apparent to the reviewer
•Researcher should not promise more
than what can be produced
•A broad and complex problem is
unlikely to be solvable or manageable
 Literature Review
What have others said about the topic?
What theories did they address?
Are there opposing results; consistent
findings?
Do you see flaws that you want to address in
your own research project?
The review of literature will be shaped in part
by the proposed data collection method/s
 Literature Review
This part aims to present what has or has not
been done on the problem being
investigated
Only research findings and statements which
are related in purpose, methods or findings
to the present study should be included in
the review.
Use appropriate transitional devices to keep
ideas moving in orderly from one paragraph
to another.
 REMINDERS

A4 - bond paper

size
Blue- folder
Font- arial
12 - font size
Double space
APPENDICES
(according to the order of entry or page number)