Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol (EIGRP)
What is EIGRP?
 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP) is a distance vector, classless routing
protocol that was released in 1992 with IOS 9.21.
 As its name suggests, EIGRP is an enhancement
of Cisco IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).
Both are Cisco proprietary protocols and only
operate on Cisco routers.
Enhanced interior gateway protocol
Routing Protocols and Concepts
 Features that are only found in
EIGRP
EIGRP includes several features that are not
commonly found in other distance vector routing
protocols like RIP (RIPv1 and RIPv2) and IGRP. These
features include:
o Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP).
o Bounded Updates( partial bounded).
o Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL).
o Establishing Adjacencies.
o Neighbor and Topology Tables.
 Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
 Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is the protocol used by
EIGRP for the delivery and reception of EIGRP packets.
 EIGRP was designed as a Network layer independent
routing protocol, therefore, it cannot use the services of UDP
or TCP because IPX and AppleTalk do not use protocols from
the TCP/IP protocol suite.
 Although "Reliable" is part of its name, RTP includes both
reliable delivery and unreliable delivery of EIGRP packets,
similar to TCP and UDP, respectively.
 Reliable RTP requires an acknowledgement to be returned
by the receiver to the sender. An unreliable RTP packet does
not require an acknowledgement.
 RTP can send packets either as a unicast or a multicast.
Multicast EIGRP packets use the reserved multicast address
of 224.0.0.10.
 RTP and EIGRP packet types
EIGPR packet types:
EIGRP uses five different packet types which are:
1: Hello packets: are used by EIGRP to discover
neighbors and to form adjacencies with those
neighbors. EIGRP hello packets are multicasts and use
unreliable delivery.
2: Update packets: are used by EIGRP to propagate
routing information. Unlike RIP, EIGRP does not send
periodic updates. Update packets are sent only when
necessary. EIGRP updates contain only the routing
information needed and are sent only to those routers
that require it. EIGRP update packets use reliable
delivery.
 Cont…
3:Acknowledgement (ACK) packets are sent by
EIGRP when reliable delivery is used. RTP uses
reliable delivery for EIGRP update, query, and reply
packets. EIGRP acknowledgement packets are
always sent as an unreliable unicast. EIGRP
acknowledgement packets use unreliable delivery.
4:Query and reply packets: are used by DUAL when
searching for networks and other tasks. Queries
and replies use reliable delivery. Queries can use
multicast or unicast, whereas replies are always
sent as unicast.
 Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
What is a DUAL?
 Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is the
convergence algorithm used by EIGRP instead of
the Bellman-Ford or Ford Fulkerson algorithms used
by other distance vector routing protocols, like RIP.
 The DUAL algorithm is used to obtain loop-
freedom at every instant throughout a route
computation. This allows all routers involved in a
topology change to synchronize at the same time
 Administrative Distance
What is AD?
 administrative distance (AD) is the
trustworthiness (or preference) of the route source.
 EIGRP has a default administrative distance of 90
for internal routes and 170 for routes imported
from an external source, such as default routes.
 When compared to other interior gateway
protocols (IGPs), EIGRP is the most preferred by the
Cisco IOS because it has the lowest administrative
distance.
Default Administrative Distance
 EIGRP Composite Metric and the K
values
EIGRP uses the following values in its composite
metric to calculate the preferred path to a network:
o k1 Bandwidth = 1
o k2 Load = 0
o k3 Delay = 1
o k 4 Reliability = 0
o k5 MTU =0
EIGRP
Summary
Fast converge
If no appropriate route or back up route exist in local
routing table in the local routing table eigrp queries
it neighbor to discover alternative route
Partial updates
When change took place only the update can send
It also called incremental update
Multiple network layer
This means it support ip ,ipx and appletalk
Flexible network design no area
Multicast \unicast
It uses multicast and unicast for communication
between router rather than broadcast because
broadcast creates much traffic
 EIGRP Key Technologies
• Neighbor discovery/recovery
- Uses hello packets between neighbors
-This is enables routers to dynamically learn
about other router
-Router also must discover when their neighbor
become un reachable or in operation
• Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
- Guaranteed, ordered delivery of EIGRP
packets to all neighbors.
.
• Protocol-dependant modules (PDMs)
- EIGRP supports IP, AppleTalk, and Novell
Netware.
• DUAL Finite-state machine
- Selects lowest-cost, loop free, paths to each
destination
 EIGRP Dual
Dual is used to gain distance information known
as metric or cost or select efficient ,loop for
the path this can be achieved by using
1-Feasible distance (FD)
2-Advertise distance(AD)
3-Successor
4-Feaasible successor
1- advertise distance(AD)
AD = cost between the next-hop router and the
destination
2-feasible distance (FD)
FD = cost from local router = AD of next-hop router + cost
between the local router and the next-hop router
3-successor
(current) successor = next-hop router with lowest-cost , lop
free path.
4-Feasible successor
Feasible successor = backup router with loop-free path (AD of
feasible successor must be less than FD of current successor
route)
EIGRP tables
EIGRP terminology
Autonomous system
Autonomous Systems
Routing protocol classification