Introduction:

– Chemical energy, Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. The

energy held in the covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule is called
chemical energy

– Chemical energy may be released during a chemical reaction, often

in the form of heat; such reactions are called exothermic. Reactions
that require an input of heat to proceed may store some of that
energy as chemical energy in newly formed bonds. The chemical
energy in food is converted by the body into mechanical energy and
heat. The chemical energy in coal is converted into electrical energy
at a power plant. The chemical energy in a battery can also supply
electrical power by means of electrolysis.
– Chemical engineers develop and design chemicalmanufacturing
processes. Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry,
biology, physics, and math to solve problems that involve the
production or use of chemicals, fuel, drugs, food,electricity, and
many other products.
The animation above shows the many energy conversions taking place during the production of electrical energy. It is strange to think that
the electrical energy that comes from the power company originated from solar energy.
Plants are the only organisms on Earth that can harness solar energy and convert it into a more usable form called chemical energy.
Chemical energy is trapped in the form of wood and other plant matter. Coal is a source of chemical energy because it is composed of plan
matter that has been subjected to high temperatures and pressures.
We recover the coal and burn it in huge furnaces. Inside the furnace chemical energy is converted into heat energy. This heat energy is
used to heat water into super hot steam inside boilers. Inside the boiler another energy conversion takes place, heat energy is converted
into kinetic energy.
As the super fast steam travels through the turbines it causes the generator to spin and produce electrical energy. The generator is the
place for the last energy conversion where kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy.
HISTORY – The basis of chemical energy was founded by J. Willard Gibbs. He
discovered the basis of this energy and was the start of the huge
amount of research that we have now. He was born in 1839 and
died in 1903.
– “Spirits” — materials that would vaporize when heated.
– in the eighth century A.D., Jābir ibn – "Metals" — including iron, tin, copper, and lead.
Hayyān, a Muslim astronomer,
philosopher and scientist, became one of – Non-malleable substances — materials that could be made into
the first to use scientific methods to study powders, such as stone.
materials. Also known by his Latinized
– Pierre and Marie Curie
name, Geber, he is known as the "father of
chemistry." He is thought to be the author in their laboratory
of 22 scrolls describing methods of prior to 1907.
distillation, crystallization, sublimation and
evaporation. He invented the alembic, a
device used to distill and study acids. He
also developed an early chemical
classification system using the properties
of the materials he studied.
History of Fuel Cells

First developed by William Grove

- In 1893, Grove was experimenting on electrolysis (The process by which water is split
into hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current), when he observed that combining
the same elements could also produce an electric current.
- 1930’s-1950’s Francis Thomas Bacon, a British scientist, worked on developing
alkaline fuel cells
- He demonstrated a working stack in 1958
- The technology was licensed to Pratt and Whitney where it was utilized for the Apollo
spacecraft fuel cells.
 REFERENCES

– https://www.cbsd.org/cms/lib/PA01916442/Centricity/.../Chemical%20Energy.ppt

– https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed069p108

– https://www.google.com/search?q=what+does+chemical+engineering+do&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdnPWlg5HcAhWFF4gKHY_9BYgQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=586#imgrc=_

– https://www.livescience.com/46020-chemistry-history.html
– https://coolchemicalenergy.weebly.com/history-of-chemical-energy.html
Examples of
Chemical
Energy
Conversion ?
Fuel Cells

- A cell producing an electric current directly from a chemical

reaction.
- A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical
reaction.

http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm#q1
Different types of fuel cells

Alkali Fuel Cells

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Polymer Electrolytic Membrane
 How do fuel cells works ?

- It operates similarly to a battery, but it does not run down nor does it require recharging.
- The process begins when Hydrogen molecules enter the anode
- The catalyst coating separates hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons from the positively charged
protons
- The electrolyte allows the protons to pass through to the cathode,but not the electrons.
- Instead the electrons are directed through an external circuit which creates electrical current
- While the electrons pass through the external circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the cathode
- There the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons after they have passed through the
external circuit.
- When the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons it produces water and heat
 OUTPUT ENERGY/
ELECTRICITY
PROCESS
CHEMICAL/
RAW MATERIAL
 Is a collection of one or more
cells whose chemical reactions
create a flow of electrons in a
circuit. All batteries are made
up of three basic components:
an anode, a cathode, and some
kind of electrolyte.
 A “battery” is simply a series
arrangement of cells
 Batteries can be either high
power or high-energy, but not
both.
What does ‘A’ in battery stands
for?

COMMON TYPES OF
BATTERIES
LITHIUM ION
BATTERIES
 LITHIUM ION
BATTERIES
– Lithium-ion batteries have become a crucial power source for the constantly
expanding world of gadgets. In principle, rechargeable batteries function by
moving ions to and fro between electrodes through an electrolyte.
– The term lithium ion battery refers to a rechargeable battery where the negative
electrode (anode) and positive electrode (cathode) materials serve as a host for
the lithium ion (Li+).
– The ions reverse direction during charging.
NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE
BATTERIES
 NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE
BATTERIES
– The active components of a rechargeable NiMH battery in the charged state
consist of nickel hydroxide in the positive electrode and a hydrogen storing
metal alloy in the negative electrode as well as a potassium hydroxide
electrolyte. Compared to rechargeable batteries, NiMH batteries have a higher
energy density per volume and weight.
NICKEL CADMIUM
BATTERIES
 NICKEL CADMIUM
BATTERIES
– The active components of a rechargeable NiCd battery in the charged state
consist of nickel hydroxide in the positive electrode and cadmium in the
negative electrode. For the electrolyte, potassium hydroxide is normally used.
Due to their low internal resistance and the very good current conducting
properties, NiCd batteries can supply extremely high currents and can be
recharged rapidly. These cells are capable of sustaining temperatures down to -
20°C. The selection of the separator and the electrolyte influence the voltage
conditions in the case of a high current discharge, the service life and the
overcharging capability. In the case of misuse, a very high-pressure may arise
quickly. For this reason, cells require a safety valve. NiCd cells generally offer a
long service life thereby ensuring a high degree of economy.
 NICKEL CADMIUM
BATTERIES
material nickel oxide hydroxide and
used to store metallic cadmium as
power electrodes.
advantages give you more watt-hours
of operation per shift than
other battery chemistries.
They are ideal for a user
who needs a high-
performance battery and
who communicates under
extreme conditions of cold
and heat
disadvantage susceptibility to memory
effect, or its propensity to
"forget" and not utilize its
full capacity.
NICKEL METAL LITHIUM ION
HYDRIDE BATTERIES BATTERIES
hydrogen with nickel carbon and highly
and another reactive lithium
metal (such as
titanium)
can offer superior is their power to
operation life between weight ratio, which
charges. This battery easily exceeds that of
chemistry provides 30- NiMH for a lighter,
40% longer operation smaller power
time than NiCd, but supply.
does not operate as
efficiently in extreme
temperatures.
does not operate as they lose their
efficiently in extreme charge over time.
temperatures.
Reference

– https://sciencing.com/life-aaa-batteries-5512762.html
– http://www.prba.org/battery-safety-market-info/types-of-batteries/
– http://web.mit.edu/evt/summary_battery_specifications.pdf
– https://auto.howstuffworks.com/lithium-ion-batteries-improve-hybrids1.htm