Extraction of

metals
Only some unreactive metals such
as silver, gold and platinum can
occur freely in nature. Most metals
react with other elements to form
ores.
 Major steps in extraction of metal
 Ore concentration
– Ore is purified and concentrated, unwanted
rocks removed
 Reduction to crude metal
– Metal oxides to be reduced to metals, resulting
in a mixture of metals collected
 Refining to obtain pure metal
– To obtain a specific metal, purify and remove
unwanted metal impurities
 the extraction of metals
Method of extraction depends on the position of the metal in
the reactivity series.
 extraction of metal involves:
o getting rid of the unwanted rock to obtain concentrated
form of the mineral
o obtaining pure metal from the mineral by chemical
reactions
 the extraction of metals
Metals at the top of the reactivity series are very reactive:
 bonds in their compounds are very strong
 must be extracted by decomposing their compounds with
electricity in an expensive process called electrolysis
 aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by passing an
electric current through it

2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2

 Ways of Extraction
 Potassium K
Extracted by
 Sodium Na
electrolysis of
 Calcium Ca
molten chlorides
 Magnesium Mg
Extraction by  Aluminium Al
electrolysis of  Zinc Zn
molten Al2O3  Iron Fe Extraction by
dissolved in  Tin Sn reduction of
cryolite  Lead Pb oxides using
 Copper Cu carbon
 Mercury Hg
 Silver Ag
Roasting ore by
 Gold Au
heating alone
 Platinum Pt
Extraction of Iron
 PROSES
EKSTRAKSI
BESI
Raw materials of extraction of Iron
 Iron Ore
– eg haematite ore [iron(III) oxide,
Fe2O3]
 Coke
– carbon, C
 Hot air
– for the O2 in it
 Limestone
– calcium carbonate, CaCO3
Bijih besi, batu kapur (CaCO3), dan kokas (C) dimasukkan dari bagian atas
tanur. Kemudian, udara panas ditiupkan ke bagian bawah tungku agar kokas (C)
bereaksi dengan O2 membentuk CO2.

Gas CO2 yang terbentuk selanjutnya akan bergerak ke atas dan bereaksi lebih
lanjut dengan C lain untuk membentuk CO. Reaksi ini bersifi endotermik,
sehingga terjadi sedikit penurunan suhu proses.

Produk reaksi yakni gas CO kemudian bergerak naik dan mulai mereduksi
senyawa-senyawa besi pada bijih besi.

Fe yang terbentuk akan mengalir dan berkumpul di bawah. Karena suhu di

bawah tinggi sekitar 2000°C, Fe akan berada dalam bentuk lelehannya.
Sementara itu, CaCO3 dalam tanur akan terurai menjadi CaO.

CaO yang terbentuk akan bereaksi dengan pengotor yang bersifat asam yang
ada dalam bijih besi, seperti pasir silika. Reaksi ini menghasilkan senyawa
dengan titik didih rendah yang disebut terak (slag).

Lelehan terak kemudian akan mengalir ke bagian bawah tanur.

 Stage 1 – Production of carbon
dioxide
 Thecoke is ignited at the base and hot air
blown in to burn the coke (carbon) to form
carbon dioxide
– C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
 Thelimestone is decomposed by heat to
produce carbon dioxide & quicklime
– CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
 Stage 2 – Production of carbon
monoxide
 Athigh temperature, the carbon dioxide
formed reacts with more coke (carbon) to form
carbon monoxide
– CO2(g) + C(s)  2CO(g)
 Stage 3 – Reduction of haematite
 The carbon monoxide removes the oxygen
from the iron oxide ore.
 This frees the iron, which is molten at the high
blast furnace temperature, and flows down to
the base of the blast furnace.
 Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
 Other possible ore reduction reactions are ...
– Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s)  2Fe(l) + 3CO(g)
– 2Fe2O3 (s) + 3C(s)  4Fe(l) + 3CO2 (g)
 Stage 3 – Reduction of haematite
 Waste gases escape through the top of the
furnace
 Eg. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen…
Stage 4 – Removal of Impurities
 The original ore contains silica (SiO2, silicon
dioxide). These react with limestone to form a molten
slag of e.g. calcium silicate in 2 stages
– CaCO3  CaO + CO2
– CaO + SiO2  CaSiO3
 The molten slag forms a layer above the more dense
molten iron and can be separately, and regularly,
drained away. The iron is cooled and cast into pig
iron ingots / transferred directly to a steel producing
furnace
 Slag can be used for road surfacing
 EKSTRAKSI KOBALT

November 5, 2018 EKSTRAKSI 15

 Why Steel?
 Steel is iron that has most of the
impurities removed. Steel also has a
consistent concentration of carbon
throughout (0.5 percent to 1.5 percent)
 Impurities like silica, phosphorous and
sulphur weaken steel tremendously, so
they must be eliminated
 The advantage of steel over iron is greatly
improved strength
 Pig Iron to Steel Using Basic
Oxygen Furnace
 Pear-shaped furnace, lined with refractory
bricks, that refines molten iron from the
blast furnace and scrap into steel
 Scrap is dumped into the furnace vessel
 Followed by the hot metal from the blast
furnace.
 A high-pressure stream of oxygen is blown
into it to cause chemical reactions that
separate impurities as fumes or slag
 Once refined, the liquid steel and slag are
poured into separate containers
 Types of Steel
Steel Percentage of carbon

Mild carbon steel Up to 0.25%

High carbon steel 0.45% - 1.50%

Stainless steel – alloy Little carbon, with

chromium & nickel
 Properties of Steel
 Can be changed by the use of
controlled additives
 Eg. Carbon, chromium, nickel,
manganese, silicon etc…
 Uses of Steel
Steel Uses
Mild carbon steel – Make steel parts in
strong, hard & car bodies ,
malleable machineries
High carbon steel – Make knives,
strong but brittle hammer, cutting
tools
Stainless steel – Pipes & tanks in
does not rust chemical plants,
making cutlery,
surgical instruments
 Alloy
 Mixture of a metal with other
elements
 Element in the largest proportion is
the base metal
 Elements in smaller proportions are
the alloying elements
 Metals
 Soft

 Low resistance to corrosion

 High m.p

 Easy to shape
 Alloys
 Have different physical properties
compared to their constituent
elements
 Produce mainly for:
– Improving strength and hardness
– Improving resistance towards corrosion
– Improving appearance of metal
– Lower m.p of metal
 Extraction of Aluminium from
Bauxite
 Raw materials
– Bauxite: ore containing hydrated aluminium
oxide Al2O3.2H2O
 M.p: ~2000C

– Molten Cryolite aka sodium aluminium fluoride

Na3AlF6
used to lower m.p to ~900C

– Carbon electrodes
 http://www.patana.ac.th/parents/curriculu
m/Chemistry/units/LR803.html
 Extraction of Aluminium
 Cryolite is added to lower the melting
point & to dissolve the ore & bauxite
ore of aluminium oxide is
continuously added
 When p.d is applied,
– Al3+ is attracted to the negative cathode
– O2- is attracted to the positive anode
 Extraction of Aluminium
 At the cathode,
– Al3+ gains 3 electrons from the cathode to
form molten aluminium, which is tapped off
– Al3+(l) + 3e-  Al (l)
 At the anode,
– O2- loses 2 electrons to the anode to form
oxygen
– 2O2-(l)  O2(g) + 4e-
– Oxygen released attacks carbon anode, to
form Carbon monoxide/dioxide. Carbon anode
dissolved. Needs to be replaced regularly
 Anodising
 Form of electroplating using oxygen,
used commonly for aluminium
 Aluminium when exposed in air
forms a thin protective coat of
aluminium oxide
 For better protection, a thicker coat
is made
 Through the process: Anodising
 Anodising
 Make aluminium the anode in sulphuric
acid bath
 Oxygen produced at the anode then
combines with aluminium to form a
protective porous layer aluminium oxide
1000 times thicker, compared when
exposed to air
 Pores can be sealed by dipping into hot
water or coloured by using dyes which can
be absorbed into it
 Uses of Aluminium
Uses Properties
Overhead Low density, light
electric cables Resistant to corrosion
(protected by aluminium oxide)
Good electrical conductivity
Food containers Non-toxic
Resistant to corrosion
Good conductor of heat

Aircraft body Low density, light

High tensile strength
Resistant to corrosion
 Conditions for
Corrosion of Iron
 Presence of oxygen
 Presence of water

 Presence of sodium
chloride/acidic pollutants
speed up rusting

4Fe(s) + 3O (g) +
Rusting is an exothermic
2

redox reaction where iron

2xH O(l)
is oxidized to form
2
hydrated iron(III) oxide
 2Fe2O3.xH2O (s)
 Prevention of rusting
 Use of protective layer
 Painting – Used in cars, ships,
bridges
 Greasing – Tools & machine parts
 Zinc plating(Galvanising) – Zinc
roofs
 Tin plating – Food cans
 Creates barrier around the metal
preventing contact with oxygen
and water
 Sacrificial protection
 More reactive metal, eg, Magnesium
or zinc is attached to iron or steel
 Protects by sacrificing itself, corrodes
first since it is more reactive
 Iron will not rust in the presence of a
more reactive metal
 Used in underground pipes, ships,
steel piers
 Alloying
 Addition of nickel and chromium to
iron
 Chromium (III) oxide Cr2O3 on the
surface protects iron from corrosion
 Used in cutlery, surgical instruments,
pipes & tanks in chemical plants
 Finite Resource
 Metal ores – finite resource, will be
used up
 Need to recycle metals

 Save resources and solves litter

disposal
 Saves energy

 Saves costs