Basic Definitions:

Heat is a form of energy which is transferred from one body to another body at a lower temperature, by the virtue of
temperature difference between two bodies.

• For example: A body A of temperature of 20oC is brought in contact with another body B of temperature 21oC.
• Then there will be a transfer of heat from body B to body A until the temperature of both the bodies become equal.
• When the temperature of A is equal to temperature of B, no further transfer of heat takes place and the bodies are said to
be in thermal equilibrium.

System may be defined as collection of matter within prescribed and identifiable boundaries. The boundaries may or may not
change.

For example the fluid in the cylinder of a reciprocating engine during the expansion stroke may be defined as a system whose
boundaries are the cylinder walls and the piston crown.

Above example is that of a closed system where there

is no transfer of mass across the boundary of a system.
Open System:

An open system is the one in which there is transfer of mass

across the boundaries.

For example the fluid in a turbine at any instant may be defined

as an open system whose boundaries are as shown in fig on right.

Pressure: The pressure of a system is the force exerted by the system on unit area of its boundaries.
Units of pressure of Pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2) or bar. Symbol p will be used for pressure.

Specific Volume: The specific volume of the system is the volume occupied by unit mass of the system. The symbol used is v
and the units is m2/Kg. Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.

Work:

• Work is defined as the product of force and the distance moved in the direction of force.
• When the boundary of a closed system moves in the direction of the force acting on the system then the surrounding do
work on the system.
• When the boundary is moved outward then the work is done by the system on the surrounding.

The units of work are N-m. If the work is done on unit mass of fluid, then the work done per kilogram of fluid has units N-
m/Kg.
Force, Energy and Power

Force
Newton’s second law may be written as, Force = mass x acceleration
F=mxa
Where m is the mass of the body accelerated with an acceleration a by a force F.
Unit is Kg.m/s2 = Newton
1 Newton is the force required to give a mass of 1Kg an acceleration of 1 m/s2

Energy
Energy or work done is given as Force x distance and its unit is N.m = Kg.m2/s2
Heat and work both are forms of energy and both have same units Joules = N.m

Power
Power is defined as the work done per unit time. Its unit is Joule/sec = Watts
Pressure:
Pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area. Its unit is N/m2 = Pascal.

In thermodynamics the pressure measured in Pascals will be very small and hence a new unit is defined which is give as:

1 bar = 105 Pascals

1 atmospheric pressure = 1.01325 bar = 0.76 m Hg(mercury)

Temperature:

Any property of a material which varies easily with temperature can help us to measure the temperature. One such element
is mercury due to ability to expand an contract with temperature it is used to make thermometers. The length of column of
mercury will vary.

The device is calibrated by marking the length of column when it is brought in thermal equilibrium with vapor of boiling
water then marked as 100 and in same way by bringing it in thermal equilibrium with ice and marking the length of column
as 0.

Then 100 division are made between 0 and 100 marks and this scale is called Celsius scale.
Gas Thermometer:

The change is volume at constant pressure and the change in pressure at constant volume, of a fixed mass of gas which is not
easily liquefied can be used to measure temperature.

Such an instrument is called gas thermometer.

In a constant pressure case, if the volume vs temperature graph is extrapolated

beyond 00C to the point at which the volume of the gas would be come zero then
at that point the temperature would be -2730C.

Similarly, if for a constant volume case, if we extrapolate the graph of pressure

vs temperature then the point at which pressure would be zero is same -2730C.

This temperature of -2730C has been fixed and is called absolute zero and this
new absolute scale of temperature is known as Kelvin scale.

The temperature on Kelvin scale be obtained by adding 273 to all temperatures on

Celsius scale.