Language User Groups and Language Teaching

Bilingual and Multilingual

BY GROUP 3
1. AMINAH
2. VYONA LOVENIA
3. YONA
 Language User Groups and Language
Teaching
 Multi-competence Background
Multicompetence is defined as ‘the knowledge of more than one
language in the same mind or the same community’ (Cook, 2012)
 Communities and Language User Groups

Is the sociological group

the given or the language?
 The De Swaan Hierarchy
 Groups of Language Users
  Language Groups and SLA Research
 The acquisition of a central language relating officially to the society and
unofficially to other groups within it has seldom been undertaken, except
in terms of the development of such groups through passage to a putative
Group A native group.
 Group B central languages come out of untutored acquisition in the
home, the street or the workplace by children or adults.
 The supercentral language acquired by Group C, the international
specialist communicators, may again be learnt in specialist classes for
particular needs, Japanese in judo classes, Arabic in the study of the Koran,
French for bilingual secretaries.
 Group D, the acquisition of the hypercentral language, is starting to be
studied as a specific form of acquisition.
 Language Groups and
Language Teaching

Group B
Group C Group D
Learning and
Teaching of Teaching the
Teaching of
Supercentral Hypercentral
Central
Languages Language
Languages
DEFINITION AND PURPOSES

Bilingual and Multilingual

Education

Different things in different

places
 Growing number of
Mandarin/English
In Chinese programs for the Han
schools majority and to
program that use a
combination of
Mandarin and a
regional language
 In school along the US-Mexico
Programs that teach Spanish-English
bilingual children in a single language

Both English and Spanish

Intentionally group together pupils of two

distinct language background
 In South Africa

As a mother tongue instruction (L1 medium)

throughout school-plus second language
taught as a subject to a high level of
proficiency (Alidou,et. al, 2006)
Purpose
• To help learners to develop
knowledge about a
particular cultural group in
addition to their own
 Language Content Based Context Based
Based Frames Frame Frames
Use Culture Macro Level

- Strong Form -Ideological

- Weak Form -Pragmatic

Outcomes Macro Levels

- Subtractive Curriculum -Elite routes

- Additive - Folk routes

3 Frameworks for understanding billingual and multilingual
 Language based frames
Focus on use

Two/more language are used

Strong forms for academic purpose;
reading and writing in Math,
Science and History

Non-dominant languages are

used sparingly, typically to
Weak forms clarify instruction/for
interpersonal communication
only
 Outcomes

The changes in students’ abilities

to use L1 and additional
Subtractive languages after completing a
bilingual or multi lingual

To support and extend the

students’ home language and
Additive
additional languages through the
systematic and sustained use of
both/all as languages instruction
 Content-Based Frame
Controversies

Though bilingual and multilingual education

assume a language –based frame,
educators often emphasize the acquisition
of academic content.
 Conceptual and content
knowledge

Described as De Facto Bilingual Education

The students who are good at knowledge at

L1, they are able to apply the conceptual
knowledge to learn additional language.
 Submersion Education

Make no effort to acknowledge or accommodate

the special needs of L2 learners

Sink-or swim, submersion program

Transitional Bilingual Education (TBE)

In the UK as bilingual support

(Martin Jones and Saxena, 2003)
Temporary used of the students
L1/regional language as an academic
bridge to highly proficient users of
the dominant language, content
instruction in the home language
 • The length of time
that students are
The permitted to study
in their L1 before
importance being moved into
of TBE class designed for
program native speaker of
the dominant
language
Maintenance Bilingual Education

• Refers to upkeep of the non-dominant language

 Immersion

Refers to program designed to teach content

in L2 but not harm the learners’ L1

One way immersion

Two way immersion

Community Language Teaching

Community
Language
Teaching

Approach

Heritage
Language
 Context-Based Text

Macro Level Context Micro Level Context

Wasteful
Elite
Ironic
bilingualism

Hypocritical
Folk
bilingualism
Regressive
 Integrating The Frameworks

Three primary orientation

Language Language
Language
as as
as right
problem resource
 Learn best
in language

Agree and
Preparation
support
Characteristics
of Effective
Program

School
autonomy Challenge
Roles for Applied Linguists

In Outside
school school
DISCUSSION
1. Riri algafar
Do you agree that bilingual and multilingual people have better social skill than
monolingual?
2. Azharia Khalida
There are some program of content based frame, which one is suitable to be
applied in Indonesia?
Answered by AMINAH
The suitable program that can be applied in Indonesia is maintenance
Bilingual Education, it is because this program allow the students to use their
native language (L1) as they tries to learn about another language. For
example, we learn English, if there is something that can’t understand, we
may use Bahasa Indonesia for the learners understand the material easily

Additional information :
Tri Rahayu
- First we need to make sure the lever of the learner
If the learner is in elementary school , it may use maintenance bilingual
Education and For students in Senior High School, it can use Transitional
Bilingual Education
3. Tri Rahayu
How about the monolingual such as English go to another country
meanwhile their language as hypercentral?
Answered by VYONA LOVENIA

4. Herlinda Usman
Which one of the program that can applied to excellent class?
Answered by AMINAH
Submersion education , it is because excellent class consists of
students who are independent. By giving the instruction so that the
students will do it as submersion education is teacher make no effort
or do not give lesson about a lesson then the students can sink / swim.
 Additional information
Tri Rahayu
Language user maintenance political