CODE/ CODE SWITCHING

code-switching is the concurrent use of

more than one language, or language
variety, in conversation.
 code-switching is the use of more
than one linguistic variety in a
manner consistent with the syntax
and phonology of each variety.
 Multilinguals - people who speak more
than one language - sometimes use
elements of multiple languages in
conversing with each other.
 A loanword (or loan word) is a word
borrowed from one language and
incorporated into another.
 A calque or loan translation is a
related concept where the meaning or
idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical
item itself..
A pidgin
 A pidgin ( /ˈpɪdʒɪn/), or pidgin language, is a
simplified language that develops as a means
of communication between two or more
groups that do not have a language in
common
 . A pidgin is not the native language of any
speech community, but is instead learned as
a second language. A pidgin may be built
from words, sounds, or body language from
multiple other languages and cultures. Pidgins
usually have low prestige with respect to
other languages.
A Creole
 is a stable natural language developed from
the mixing of parent languages; creoles differ
from pidgins in that they have been nativized
by children as their primary language, making
them have features of natural languages that
are normally missing from pidgins.
 The vocabulary of a creole language consists
of cognates from the parent languages,
though there are often clear phonetic and
semantic shifts.
Language transfer
 Language transfer (language
interference) refers to speakers or
writers applying knowledge from their
native language to a second language.
Code mixing
 Code mixing is a thematically related
term, but the usage of the terms code-
switching and code-mixing varies. Some
scholars use either term to denote the
same practice, while others apply code-
mixing to denote the formal linguistic
properties of said language-contact
phenomena, and code-switching to
denote the actual, spoken usages by
multilingual persons.
Social motivations for code-
switching
 Code-switching relates to, and sometimes
indexes social-group membership in
bilingual and multilingual communities.
Some sociolinguists describe the
relationships between code-switching
behaviors and class, ethnicity, and other
social positions. In addition, scholars in
interactional linguistics and conversation
analysis have studied code-switching as a
means of structuring talk in interaction.
diglossia
 , diglossia ( /daɪˈɡlɒsiə/; two languages)
refers to a situation in which two dialects or
languages are used by a single language
community. In addition to the community's
everyday or vernacular language variety
(labeled "L" or "low" variety), a second,
highly codified variety (labeled "H" or "high")
is used in certain situations such as
literature, formal education, or other specific
settings, but not used for ordinary
conversation
Convergence
 Convergence - is a type of contact-
induced change whereby languages with
many bilingual speakers mutually borrow
morphological and syntactic features,
making their typology more similar.
Mechanics of code-switching
 Mechanics of code-switching
 Code-switching mostly occurs where the
syntaxes of the languages align in a sentence;
thus, it is uncommon to switch from English
to French after an adjective and before a
noun, because, in French, adjectives usually
follow nouns. Even unrelated languages often
align syntactically at a relative clause
boundary or at the boundary of other
sentence sub-structures.
Borrowing / code-switching;
 the difference between borrowing
(loanword usage) and code-switching;
generally, borrowing occurs in the lexicon,
while code-switching occurs at either the
syntax level or the utterance-construction
level.
Some proposed constraints are
The Free-morpheme Constraint: code-switching cannot occur
between bound morphemes.
 The Equivalence Constraint: code-switching can occur only in
positions where "the order of any two sentence elements, one
before and one after the switch, is not excluded in either language."
Thus, the sentence: "I like you porque eres simpático." ("I like you
because you are nice.") is allowed because it obeys the relative
clause formation rules of Spanish and English.
 The Closed-class Constraint: closed class items (pronouns,
prepositions, conjunctions, etc.), cannot be switched.
 The Matrix Language Frame model distinguishes the roles of the
participant languages
 The Functional Head Constraint: code-switching cannot occur
between a functional head (a complementizer, a determiner, an
inflection, etc.) and its complement (sentence, noun-phrase, verb-
phrase).
Types of switching
 Scholars use different names for various types of
code-switching.
 Intersentential switching occurs outside the
sentence or the clause level (i.e. at sentence or
clause boundaries).[27] It is sometimes called
"extrasentential" switching.
 Intra-sentential switching occurs within a
sentence or a clause.
 Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag
phrase or a word, or both, from language-B to
language-A, (common intra-sentential switches)
 Intra-word switching occurs within a word, itself,
such as at a morpheme boundary.