BASIC DRILLING

FLUID

OLEH
MUHAMMAD ADITYA RAMADHANTO
DENSITY
WEIGHTING AGENT
Also known as weighting material, a high-specific gravity and finely
divided solid material used to increase density of a drilling fluid.
(Dissolved salts that increase fluid density, such as calcium bromide in
brines, are not called weighting materials.) Barite is the most
common, with minimum specific gravity of 4.20 g/cm3. Hematite is a
more dense material, with minimum specific gravity of 5.05 g/cm3,
per API and ISO specifications. Calcium carbonate, specific gravity 2.7
to 2.8, is considered weighting material but is used more for its acid
solubility than for density. Siderite, specific gravity around 3.8, has
been used to densify mud, but can cause problems by dissolving into
the mud at high pH. Ilmenite, specific gravity of 4.6 has been used in
drilling fluid and cement. Only barite and hematite have API/ISO
standards.
calcium bromide

A compound of formula CaBr2 used in conjunction with

calcium chloride [CaCl3] in completion operations to make solids-
free brines with densities in the range 11.5 to 14.5 ppg.
Barite
A dense mineral comprising barium sulfate [BaSO4]. Commonly used
as a weighting agent for all types of drilling fluids, barites are mined in
many areas worldwide and shipped as ore to grinding plants in
strategic locations, where API specifies grinding to a particle size of 3
to74 microns. Pure barium sulfate has a specific gravity of 4.50 g/cm3,
but drilling-grade barite is expected to have a specific gravity of at
least 4.20 g/cm3 to meet API specifications. Contaminants in barite,
such as cement,siderite, pyrrhotite, gypsum and anhydrite, can cause
problems in certain mud systems and should be evaluated in any
quality assurance program for drilling-mud additives.
Hematite
The mineral form of ferric oxide [Fe2O3]. The hematite ore used as a
weighting material in drilling muds has a mica-like crystal structure
that grinds to particle size suitable for use in drilling fluids. To check
for potential wear, an abrasion test is usually run on hematite as a
quality control pilot test.
Calcium Carbonate
A compound with formula CaCO3 that occurs naturally as limestone.
Ground and sized calcium carbonate is used to increasemud density
to about 12 lbm/gal [1.44 kg/m3], and is preferable to barite because
it is acid-soluble and can be dissolved withhydrochloric acid to clean
up production zones. Its primary use today is as a bridging material in
drill-in, completion and workover fluids. Sized calcium carbonate
particles, along with polymers, control fluid loss in brines or drill-in,
completion and workover fluids. Insoluble calcium carbonate is the
precipitated byproduct of mud treatments used for removal of either
Ca+2 or CO3-2 by addition of the other ion.
Siderite
A mineral composed of ferrous carbonate, FeCO3, and having 3.8
g/cm3 specific gravity. It is found as an accessory mineral in some
shales and carbonate rocks and also in some barite and hematite
ores. FeCO3 is readily soluble in acids and breaks down slowly in
alkaline muds, particularly at high temperature to form a gelatinous
solid, Fe(OH)2, and soluble CO3-2 anions.
Reference:
Binder GG, Carlton LA and Garrett RL: "Evaluating Barite as a Source
of Soluble Carbonate and Sulfide Contamination in Drilling
Fluids," Journal of Petroleum Technology 33, no. 12 (December 1981):
2371-2376.
Ilmenite
A dense mineral whose specific gravity is 4.67 g/cm3, composed of
FeO·TiO2. Ilmenite is used as a weighting agent for cementand mud.
VISCOSITY
Apa itu PV
A parameter of the Bingham plastic model. PV is the slope of the
shear stress/shear rate line above the yield point. PV represents the
viscosity of a mud when extrapolated to infinite shear rate on the basis of
the mathematics of the Bingham model. (Yield point, YP, is the other
parameter of that model.) A low PV indicates that the mud is capable of
drilling rapidly because of the low viscosity of mud exiting at the bit. High PV
is caused by a viscous base fluid and by excess colloidal solids. To lower PV, a
reduction in solids content can be achieved by dilution of the mud.
BAHASA Gampanganya PV
plastic viskositas, fluida akan cenderung malas untuk bergerak karena
terjadi gesekan. Pada saat fluida mengalir pasti dia bergesekan.
Minimal bergesekan dengan penampangnya. Namun jika istilah
plastic viskositas ini berkaitan dalam lumpur pengeboran, maka nggak
cuman bergesekan sama penampangnya aja tetapi juga bergesekan
dengan cutting yang dibawa.

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Faktor Apa saja yg mempengaruhi PV
1. Solid di dalam Lumpur, akibat dari :
 Drilling Cutting
 Cutting bisa menimbulkan friksi karena densitasnya beda dengan fluida
pemboran. Jadi pas sirkulasi, cutting cenderung lebih lambat dari
kecepatan fluida pemborannya.
Faktor Apa saja yg mempengaruhi PV
1. Solid di dalam Lumpur, akibat dari :
 Bentuk dan Ukuran padatan
 Jadi semakin bulat dan semakin kecil maka plastic viskositas semakin
besar.
Apparent Viscosity
Apparent viskositas nilai viskositas murni dari suatu fluida. Kita
tidak berbicara gaya gesekan, tapi hanya sekedar tekanan geser
saja.
lengkapnya gini, jika kita punya fluida yang sama, yang satu
dialirkan lewat plat aluminium, dan satu lagi plat karet. Maka
dalam kondisi yang properti lingkungan yang sama kita akan
melihat fluida yang mengalir di plat aluminium akan lebih cepat.
Ini murni karena friksi. Sebetulnya itu dinamakan plastic viskositas
yang disebabkan perbedaan friksi karet dan aluminium. Suatu
fluida yang sama, pastilah memiliki apparent viskositas yang sama.
Nah, tanpa melihat gesekan itulah dinamakan apparent viskositas.
Pengujiaan apparent viskosita menggunakan suatu alat standar API
yaitu Fann VG.

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YIELD POINT
Apa yang dimaksud dengan Yield Point ?
Yield Point adalah kemalasan fluida untuk mengalir karena gaya tarik menarik
antar partikel terdispersi. Gaya tarik menarik ini cuman terjadi pada saat fluida
di sirkulasikan. artinya ketika partikel bergerak, gaya ini ada. Misalnya pada
mobil yang menarik derek mobil lain. Pada saat keadaan diam, tanpa
menghitung gaya berat tali, gaya tali itu dalam keadaan tidak tarik menarik.
Namun pada saat mobil depan maju, tali akan tertarik.
Pada lumpur pemboran, yield point dipengaruhi faktor kandungan ion
permukaan pada padatan. Karena hanya ion yang berada di permukaan
padatanlah yang bakalan bekerja. semakin banyak ionnya, maka akan semakin
banyak “tali” sehingga YP akan semakin tinggi.
Selain itu volume padatan juga mempengaruhi nilai YP. semakin besar volume
maka luas permukaannya semakin besar. akibatnya akan semakin besar YP nya.
Kandungan ion fasa liquid juga berpengaruh karena dengan ion padatanlah YP
bekerja.

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GEL STRENGTH
Gel strength hampir mirip definisinya dengan YP, cuman Gel
strength adalah resistansi pada saat fluida diam. Resistansi saat
diam ini sangat berguna bagi fluida pemboran untuk menahan
cutting saat sirkulasi berhenti. Kekuatan ini juga dibantu oleh
plastic viskositas dan apparent viskositas.

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FLC
The act or means of controlling (usually lowering) the volume
of filtrate that passes through a filter medium. Control of fluid loss for
a mud is achieved by several means, one of which is by addition of
fluid-loss-control materials to the mud system. Another is to change
the mud chemistry to make the materials already present work
better. Adding a clay deflocculant to freshwater mud typically
improves fluid-loss control.

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