BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
1) Generating electricity
Atomic nucleus
-
Atomic
nucleus +
+ +
Proton
- Electron
- Neutron
Helium
Hydrogen atom

+ +

- -
Lithium
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Frictional electricity

(1) When two different objects are rubbed together, electricity is produced.
(2) Frictional electricity is positive or negative.
(3) Similarly charged bodies repel each other.
(4) Oppositely charged bodies attract each other.
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
1 CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE
1) Current
(1) What is Current?

Electric cable
Free electron

A B A B

Electron move.

Neutralized Supplied from B

cak sol sumber HQS
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(2) Current unit

1 Ampere = 1 Second 1 Coulomb

< Units >

1 ampere = 1000 milliamperes
1 milliampere = 1000 microamperes

< Symbols >

Ampere (A)
Milliampere (mA)
Microampere (µA)
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2) Voltage

Water
pressure Current

Electron flow

Voltage

No water pressure Voltage is zero

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3) Resistance
Generator

Current

Load resistance

Cable internal resistance

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< Units >

1 megaohm = 1000000 ohms = 10 6 ohms
1 kiloohm = 1000 ohms = 10 3 ohms
1 ohm
1 microohm = 1/1000000 ohm = 10 -6 ohm
< Symbols >
Megaohm (M )
Kiloohm (k )
Ohm ( )
Microohm (µ )
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4) Ohm's Law

2 3 1
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Voltage( volt )
Current(amper ) =
Re sis tan ce(ohms)

E (V) I : Current
I (A) =
R ( ) E : Voltage
R : Resistance
E (V)
R ( ) =
I (A)
E = I• R
E (V) = I (A) x R ( )

E
E R=
I= I
R
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3 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT (APPLYING OHM'S LAW)
1) Basic circuit

Switch Fuse
Lamp

I=?

6
+ - 12 V
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(1) When voltage and current are known and resistance is determined
When a resistance was applied to a voltage of 24V, a current of
8A was produced. What was the resistance value?

I=8A

24 V
R=?

E
From Ohm's Law R=
I
E = 24 (V) I = 8 (A)
24
R= = 3( )
8
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(2) When resistance and current are known and voltage is determined
How many volts is required to conduct a current of 2A through
a resistance of 50 

I=2A

100 V
R = 50

From Ohm's Law E=IxR

I = 2 (A) R = 50 

E = 2 x 50 = 100 (V)
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2) Series circuit
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R1 R2 R3

E1 E2 E3

Total voltage E = E1 + E2 + E3
= I•R1 + I•R2 + I•R3
= I (R1 + R2 + R3)

Combined resistance E = E1 + E2 + E3
14
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Let's obtain the values of the combined resistance and the current.

6 4 2

12 V

R = R1 + R2 + R3

6 + 4 + 2 = 12 

E 12
I= = = 1( A )
R 12
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3) Parallel circuit
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R1

I2

R2
I1

E
E E 1 1
Total current I = I1 + I 2 = + = E ( + )
R1 R2 R1 R2

1 Ohms’ Low
R=
1 1 E( V )
Combined + I( A ) =
R1 R 2 R( )
resistance
1 1 1 1
= + = E( V ) x
R R1 R2 R( )
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

What is the combined resistance value in the figure below?

R1 = 20 

R 2 = 30 

R3 = 60

1 1
R= =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R1 R2 R3 20 30 60
1 1 60
= = = = 10[]
3 2 1 6 6
+ +
60 60 60 60
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4 SOLENOID PRINCIPLE
1) Current and magnetic field

- +

N
S
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Paper

N S
S N
N S
+ +
- S N -
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Right-handed screw rule
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2) Magnetic fields created by a coil

Magnetic
force lines

Current
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N pole S pole

Magnetic force lines

Right-hand grip Rule Current flow direction

N S
Right hand

Current
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Iron core

Coil

Iron bar
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5 STARTER WORKING PRINCIPLE
1) Electromagnetic force (Fleming's Left-hand rule)

Conducting wire and

Current direction

Direction of magnetic force line

is the same,
so electromagnetic force is strong.

Direction of magnetic force line

is the opposite,
so electromagnetic force is weak.

Expulsion force
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Fleming's left-hand rule

Force direction

N S
Magnetic force line direction
+ N to S

-
Current (A)

Current direction Force (N)

+ to -
Magnetic field (A/M)
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Magnet

Commutator Coil
Brush

Power supply
+ -
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Current Force Current Force

Magnetic Magnetic
Magnetic force line Magnetic
force line force line force line
Force Current Force Current

Current flow direction is

reversed by commutator.
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6 GENERATOR WORKING PRINCIPLE
1) Electromagnetic induction (Fleming's right-hand rule)

Ammeter
+

- Electromotive force is produced

when the conductor is moved up and down

Electromotive force (V)

= magnetic flux ( Wb / m2 ) x conductor length (m) x conductor moving speed (m/s)

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Fleming's right-hand rule
Conductor direction

S N
Magnetic force lines
N to S +

-
Fleming's left-hand rule

Electromotive force direction Force

+ to - Magnetic
force line

Current
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2) Current Generator Working Principle

b d

a C1 c
C2
B1 B2
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3) Alternating current generating principle

a d d a

b c c b
S2
B2
S1
B1
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7 BATTERY PRINCIPLE
1) Battery purpose

Connected in parallel
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2) Battery structure and function

Terminal Positive plate

Cell plug
Connector
Lid Pole Separator

Pole

Battery jar

Glass mat
Negative plate
Positive plate
Glass mat Negative plate
Separator
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Electron

Current
Negative pole Positive pole

- + +
- + +
- + +
- + +

Lead ion + Hydrogen ion +

Pb + 2H2SO4 +PbO2 PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4

Negative pole plates Positive pole plates

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Larger terminal is positive

- +
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3) In-service maintenance
(1) Adjusting electrolyte level and specific gravity

Diluted sulfuric acid

Purified water
(Specific gravity : 1.400)
240
Replaceable quantity (CC)
(per 1 liter of electrolyte)

220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1.240 1.250 1.260 1.270 1.280 1.290 1.300 1.310 1.320

Battery electricity specific gravity (20 degrees)

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(2) Measuring electrolyte specific gravity

Rubber ball

Glass tube
A
Floating scale

Suction tube
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4) Storage cautions
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5) Charging
(1) Charging type

Initial charging Supplementary charging

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(2) Charging methods

1 Constant-current charging method

2 Fast charging method

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(3) Voltage and specific gravity changes during charging

2.9
2.8
Voltage
2.7
Terminal voltage (V)

2.6
2.5
2.4 Specific gravity 1.3

Specific gravity
2.3

2.2 1.2
2.1

2.0 1.1

1.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Charging time (H)
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(4) Charging-related cautions

-
-
+ +
-
+
-
+

Discharge rate(Ah)
Charging time(h) = x (1.2 to 1.5)
Charging current(A)
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(5) Battery capacity
Unit Ampere-hour (Ah)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)

= discharge current (A) x discharge time (h)

Watt-hour capacity (Wh)

= discharge current (A) x discharge time (h) x mean discharge voltage (V)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)

(Example)

Discharge: 5 hours
6 (A) x 5 (h) = 30 (Ah)
Current: 6A

Voltage: 12V
40 (Ah) x 12 (V) = 480 (Ah)
Battery: 40Ah
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

5A
10 A

Heat loss
Chemical
100Ah 100Ah reactions

20 hours at 5 A
10 hours at 10 A
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8 CIRCUIT TESTER
1) Outline
(1) Measurement of alternating or direct-current voltage and current
(2) Measurement of resistance
(3) Discovery of electric circuit shorts, grounds, and disconnections

2) Structure

Measuring range Resistance measuring

scale
Alternating voltage
measuring range 0 point adjusting screw

Direct-current 0 point adjusting knob

voltage measuring
range
Positive side
measuring cord
Negative side
measuring cord

Negative side Direct current Positive side cord

terminal measuring range terminal
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3) Measuring voltage

Direct-current voltage 0 point adjusting screw

measuring range
Alternating voltage
measuring range

+
- + - + - + - +
Battery

OK
-
Battery Household-use
wall outlet
Direct current Alternating current
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Reading the tester
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4) Measuring current

0 point adjusting screw

Current up to 20A

Current up to 250mA

Tester
Tester
+ +
Battery

Battery
+ -
+ -
- -
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Reading the tester
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5) Measuring resistance

0 point adjusting knob

Tester
+ -

Battery
OFF
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Reading the tester
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8 ELECTRIC COMPONENTS
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1) Resistors

Carbon film fixed resistor Symbol: RD

Fixed body resistor Symbol: RC

Fixed resistor
Insulated carbon film process resistor Symbol: RF
Resistor
Power type covered wire wound resistor Symbol: RW

Variable resistor
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Symbols inscribed on resistors

Normal
resistance
Properties value

H RD 1/2 P X 150k G Resistance

Service value
objective Type Shape allowance

[%]
Rated
L X D : ±0.5
H when
Carbon power(W)
Y [ ]
film 1/8 F : ±1
frequency Z [k]
fixed 1/4 G : ±2
is high P A [M]
resistor 1/2 J : ±5
B
1
K : ±10
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Fixed body resistor color code

4th color
3rd color
2nd color
1st color
Resistance value Resistance value
Color 2-digit number Multiplier allowance
1st color band 2nd color band 3rd color band 4th color band
0
Black 0 0 x10 -
1
Brown 1 1 x10 -
2
Red 2 2 x10 -
3
Orange 3 3 x10 -
4
Yellow 4 4 x10 -
5
Green 5 5 x10 -
6
Blue 6 6 x10 -
Purple 7 7 - -
Gray 8 8 - -
White 9 9 - -
Gold - - x10 -1 5%
Silver - - x10 -2 10%
No color - - - 20%
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2 0 x 102 ± 10%

Resistance value : 2,000 

Resistance value allowance : ± 10%
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Fixed body resistor color code

5th color
4th color
3rd color
2nd color
1st color
Resistance value Resistance value
Color 3-digit number Multiplier allowance
1st color band 2nd color band 3rd color band 4th color band 5th color band
Black 0 0 0 x10 0 0,5%
Brown 1 1 1 x10 1 1%
Red 2 2 2 x10 2 2%
Orange 3 3 3 x10 3 -
Yellow 4 4 4 x10 4 -
Green 5 5 5 x10 5 -
Blue 6 6 6 x10 6 -
Purple 7 7 7 - -
Gray 8 8 8 - -
White 9 9 9 - -
Gold - - - x10 -1 5%
Silver - - - x10 -2 10%
No color - - - - 20%
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2 0 2 x 10 2  1%

Resistance value : 20.200  20k 2

Resistance value allowance :  10%
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Fuses
Blade type Glass type

Housing Fusible strip

Terminal

Fusible strip

Terminal
Capacity 10% current 135% current 150% current
5A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
10A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
15A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
20A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
25A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
30A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 30 sec.
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(Reference)
Electric wire allowable current

Nomination
(cross-sectional Strand diameter mm Number of strands Outer diameter mm Allowable current A
area mm)
0.5 0.32 7 2.2 9
0.85 0.32 11 2.4 12
1.25 0.32 16 2.7 15
2 0.32 26 3.1 20
3 0.32 41 3.8 27
5 0.32 65 4.6 37
8 0.45 50 5.5 47
15 0.45 84 7.0 59
20 0.8 41 8.2 84
30 0.8 70 10.8 120
40 0.8 85 11.4 135
50 0.8 108 13.0 160
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3) Diodes

General distribution diode

Low voltage diode (Zener diode)

Diodes
Light-emitting diode

Photo diode

1 General distribution diode

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2 Zener diode

Properties of general rectifier diodes Zener diode properties

Germanium diode

Forward direction
Silicon diode 5V Zener diode
50

current (A)
Forward direction
current (A)

Reverse direction
voltage (V) Reverse direction
voltage (V)
-100 -5
0 1 0 1 2
Forward direction

Reverse direction
voltage (V) Forward direction
voltage (V)

current (mA)
Reverse direction
current (mA)

50
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3 Light-emitting diode

P N

Hole Electron

Light
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4) Transistors
NPN type PNP type

C C
N P
B B
P N

N P
E E

Straight line
Emitter
protrusion

Emitter Collector Emitter Collector

Base Base
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Designation of Symbols

2 S C 154 A

Meaning of Twe-digit
One-digit Letter of Letter of
semiconductor or larger
number parts alphabet number alphabet
(Number of (Semiconductor S) (Application (Registration (Improvement
rectifier Indication) number) number)
Junctions)

0 … Photo transistor A … PNP high frequency use

1 … Diode B … PNP low frequency use
2 … 3-pole diode C … NPN high frequency use
4 … 4-pole diode D … NPN low frequency use
F … Thyristor
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5) Thermistors

Terminal
Negative
characteristic
thermistor

Positive
characteristic
thermistor
Resistance

Case

Temperature
Thermistor
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(+) (-)

A B
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
Insulator

Variable condenser Air condenser (variable condenser)

Aluminum electrolytic condenser (AI condenser)
Condenser Tantalum condenser (Ta condenser)
(Capacitors)
Barium titanate condenser
Titanium dioxide porcelain condenser
Fixed condenser
Metallized paper condenser (MP condenser)
Plastic film condenser
Paper condenser
Mica condenser
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Condenser type

Titanium condenser

Tubular paper condenser Porcelain condenser

Mica condenser

Electrolytic condenser

Oil-impregnated
condenser

Variable air condenser