THE PROPOSITION

ABAD, JOSHUA F.
ACOSTA, CATHLEEN JOY C.
ACTIVITY

• TRUE OR FALSE GAME

– Mechanics:
• Form 4 groups.
• Statements will be given and the groups will
identify if the given statements are true or false.
• Each group is given 10 seconds to answer.
• After 10 seconds, the answer shall be raised upon
the facilitators command.
• Corresponding points shall be given for every
correct answer.
• The team with the highest score wins.
Statement 1 (1 point)

•An American was the

first man in space.
Statement 1 Answer

• False. Soviet cosmonaut Yuri

Gagarin was the first man in
space (April 12, 1961); three
weeks later, Alan Shepard
became the first American in
space.
Statement 2 (1 point)

•The hottest part of

earth (its core) is
solid.
Statement 2 Answer

• True. The core's high

pressure drives up the
melting point beyond the
core's temperature and so
the core's metals cannot
melt.
Statement 3 (3 points)

• HIV/AIDS is the disease

affecting artists in the Tony-
award winning musical
Rent.
Statement 3 Answer

• True. Rent (1996) was

based on La Boheme
(1896) - a tragic opera
whose heroine is afflicted by
tuberculosis.
Statement 4 (3 points)

• The name “Wall Street” stems

from the row (“walls”) of banks
that greeted visitors to New
York city's financial district in
1800s.
Statement 4 Answer

• False. The name likely

stems from a 17th-century
wall erected by Dutch
settlers to repel a British or
Indian attack.
Statement 5 (3 points)

• Elvis Presley's “Hound Dog”

(1956) catapulted rock
music into mainstream
culture worldwide.
Statement 5 Answer

• False. This honor goes to

“Rock Around the Clock”,
performed by Bill Haley and
His Comets in 1954.
Statement 6 (1 point)

• Jones Law of 1961

became popularly known
in the Philippines as
Philippine Autonomy Act.
Statement 6 Answer

•True.
Statement 7 (2 points)

• The executive branch was

the most powerful branch of
government under the
Malolos Constitution.
Statement 7 Answer

• False. The legilature branch

was the most powerful
branch of government under
the Malolos Constitution.
Statement 8 (2 points)

• Tito Sotto is the one who

coined the name of the
longest running noontime
show “Eat Bulaga.”
Statement 8 Answer

• False. Joey de Leon is the

one who coined the name of
the longest running
noontime show “Eat
Bulaga”.
Statement 9 (2 points)

• Sarah Jane Salazar was a

former sex worker who
admitted publicly in 1994
that she had HIV.
Statement 9 Answer

•True.
Statement 10 (2 points)

•Gloria Diaz is the first

Filipino to be seen on
TV.
Statement 10 Answer

• False. President Elpidio

Quirino is the first Filipino
to be seen on TV.
Statement 11 (2 points)

• The eruption of Mt.

Pinatubo changed the
Earth's climate.
Statement 11 Answer

• True. The huge amount of

aerosols it released into the
Earth's atmosphere affected
the world's climate in a number
of ways.
Statement 12 (1 point)

• 'Batibot' originated from an

old Tagalog word which
means “small but strong.”
Statement 12 Answer

•True.
Proposition

• The verbal expression of mental

judgement.
• Materially, the combination of subject,
predicate, and copula.
• A sentence or statement which expresses
truth or falsity.
The Mental Act of Judgement

• Judgement
– Which is the second mental operation, is
defined as the mental act of affirming or
denying the relationship between two
concepts or enunciations.
– Involves either one of these acts:
1.That of affirming; or
2.That of denying the relationship
between two concepts.
The Material Structure of Proposition

• From structural point of law, composed of

1. Subject
Stands for the thing under
consideration.
2. Copula
The act of affirmation or negation.
Expressed by the present tense of
the linking verb: “is” or “is not”.
The Material Structure of Proposition

3. Predicate
What is affirmed or denied of the
subject.
The Thought-Content of Proposition

• Four Basic Sentences

1. Interrogative Sentence
Formulates a question.
2. Exclamative (Exclamatory) Sentence
Manifests a personla reaction
The Thought-Content of Proposition

3. Imperative Sentence
Articulates a command or request.
4. Declarative Sentence
Informs or instructs.
May express a truth or a falsity.
Kinds of Proposition

1 2
A hypothetical proposition
A categorical Proposition
unites or seperates, not two
unites or seperate two
concepts, but two
concepts by means of the
enunciations by means of a
linking verb "to be"
non-verbal copula

Categorical Hypothetical
Categorical vs. Hypothetical
Categorical Hypothetical

Separates two concepts by means Separates two enunciations by

of the linking verb “to be”. means of a non-verb copula.
Expresses a positive or a negative Expresses a judgment which is
judgment, in an absolute manner, qualified by a certain
without any conditionality. confidentiality.

The truth expressed by a The truth expressed by a

categorical proposition is verifiable hypothetical proposition depends
by its conformity or not by reality. upon the correct formulation of the
hypothetical proposition itself and
only by indirect references to
reality.
Categorical vs. Hypothetical

Example:
Categorical - A Filipino is a native of the
Philippines.
Hypothetical - If he is a native of the
Philippines, he is a Filipino.
Types of Categorical
Proposition
According to It's Quantity- to the extension of
the Subject

1
A proposition whose subject is a singular concept
which refers to one specific individual or group.
Singular
Propostion
Examples:
• This book is very interesting.
• David Kim is the valedictorian of the class.
According to It's Quantity- to the extension of
the Subject

2
A proposition that asserts something about some
(but not all) members of a class.
Particular
Propostion
Examples:
• Some guests arrived safely.
• A number of students volunteered for the job.
According to It's Quantity- to the extension of
the Subject

3
A proposition that asserts something of all
members of a class.
Universal
Propostion
Examples:
• All men are mortal.
• Every father is proud of their children.
According to It's Quantity- to the extension of
the Subject

4
A proposition whose subject stands for an
indefinite number of individual.
Indefinite
Propostion
Examples:
• Filipinos are deeply religious.
• Politicians are corrupt.
The Quantifiers of Terms

Quantifiers- indicates the quantity of the subject

Universal - No, All, Every

Particular - Some, Few, Several

Singular - This, That

According to It's Quality- to the affirmation or
negation indicated by the copula

1
A categorical proposition which affirms the existing
relationship between the subject and the predicate.
Affirmative
Examples:
• My son is a student of Gordon College.
• Some drivers are reckless.
According to It's Quality- to the affirmation or
negation indicated by the copula

2
A categorical proposition which denies the existing
relationship between the subject and the predicate.
Negative Examples:
• Some flowers are not red.
• The teacher is not strict.
According to the matter Affirmed or Denied

1 A categorical proposition where the relation is

established between only one subject and one
predicate.
Simple
Examples:
• AIDS is incurable.
• Eva is a good mother.
According to the matter Affirmed or Denied

A categorical proposition which expresses as a single

2 enunciation two or more proposition.

A categorical proposition where there are several

Compound predicates or several subject.
Examples:
• He is an intelligent, dashing fellow.
• Mr. Kim is a loyal friend and a good teacher.
• Some students are diligent, but others are not.
According to It's Thought- Content

1 A categorical proposition whose thought-content

agrees with objective reality is said to be factual or
true.
True
Examples:
• Marriage is a state of life.
• A triangle has three sides.
According to It's Thought- Content

2
A categorical proposition whose thought-content does
not agree with objective reality is false.
False
Examples:
• A building is a living thing.
• Amorsolo is an American painter.
4 Standard Form of Categorical
Proposition
 Affirmative Negative

Universal A E
All S are P No S are P
Particular

I O
Some S are P Some S are not P
Gamsahamnida!