Kelompok 8

1. Alfian Nur Rochman (1661

2. Edo Ardo Agustiawan (16612157)
3. Andy Handinata (16612160)
APPLICATION AND PROCCES OF MATERIAL

Metal Alloy Ceramics

Polymers Composites
 Types Of Metal Alloys

Metal alloys, by virtue of composition, are often grouped into two classes, ferrous and
nonferrous. Ferrous alloys, those in which iron is the principal constituent, include steels and
cast irons. These alloys and their characteristics are the first topics of discussion of this section.
 Ferrous Alloys
Ferrous alloys those of which iron is the prime constituent any other metal type. They
are especially important as engineering construction materials cause three factors :

1. iron-containing compounds exist in abundant quantities within the earth’s crust

2. metallic iron and steel alloys may be produced using relatively economical,
extraction, refining, alloying, and fabrication techniques

3. ferrous alloys are extremely versatile, in that they may be tailored to have a wide
range of mechanical and physical properties.
 Ferrous Alloys

The principal disadvantage of many ferrous alloys is their susceptibility to corrosion.This

section discusses compositions, microstructures, and properties of a number of different classes of
steels and cast irons. A taxonomic classification scheme for the various ferrous alloys.

Let’s take the pics

 Ferrous Alloys

Steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other
alloying elements; there are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat
treatments. The mechanical properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally
less than 1.0 wt%.

Low Carbon Steels

Low Alloy Med Carbon Steels

High Carbon Steels

High Alloy Stainles Steels

 Source : Slide Player

Source : Table from Learn Easy

 Ferrous Alloys

Generically, cast irons are a class of ferrous alloys with carbon contents above 2.14 wt%; in
practice, however, most cast irons contain between 3.0 and 4.5 wt% C and, in addition, other alloying
elements. this composition range become completely liquid at temperatures between approximately 1150
and (2100 and ), which is considerably lower than for steels. Thus, they are easily melted and amenable to
casting.

Ductile Compacted
Gray Iron White Iron Malleable Iron
(nodular) Iron Graphite Iron
 Non Ferrous Alloys
Non-ferrous metal is a metal, including alloys, that does not contain iron (ferrite) in
appreciable amounts. Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are
used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity
(e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous
materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. Important non-ferrous metals include
aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin, titanium and zinc, and alloys such as brass.

Compositions, Mechanical Properties, and Typical Applications for Eight

Copper Alloys

Source : Wikipedia
 Metal fabrication techniques

Forming Operations Casting Miscellaneous

 Forging Rolling Extrusion Drawing

For extrusion, a bar of

Forging is mechanically Rolling, the most widely
metal is forced through a
working or deforming a used deformation Drawing is the pulling
die orifice by a
single piece of a process, consists of of a metal piece through
compressive force
normally hot passing a piece of a die having a tapered
that is applied to a ram;
metal; this may be metal between two rolls; bore by
the extruded piece that
accomplished by the a reduction in thickness means of a tensile force
emerges has the desired
application of successive results from that is applied on the
shape and
blows or by continuous compressive stresses exit side
a reduced cross-
squeezing exerted by the rolls.
sectional area.
 With sand casting, probably the most common method, ordinary sand is used as the
Sand mold material. A two-piece mold is formed by packing sand around a pattern that
has the shape of the intended casting.

the liquid metal is forced into a mold under pressure and at a relatively
high velocity, and allowed to solidify with the pressure maintained. A twopiece
Die permanent steel mold or die is employed; when clamped together, the two
pieces form the desired shape.

For investment (sometimes called lost-wax) casting, the pattern is made from a wax
Investment or plastic that has a low melting temperature.

A variation of investment casting is lost foam (or expendable pattern) casting.

Lost Foam Here the expendable pattern is a foam that can be formed by compressing polystyrene
beads into the desired shape and then bonding them together by heating.

At the conclusion of extraction processes, many molten metals are solidified by casting
Continuous into large ingot molds.The ingots are normally subjected to a primary hot-rolling
operation, the product of which is a flat sheet or slab.
 Yet another fabrication technique involves the compaction of
powdered metal, followedby a heat treatment to produce a more Powder
dense piece. The process is appropriately called powder
metallurgy, frequently designated as P/M. Powder metallurgy Metallurgy
makes it possible to produce a virtually nonporous piece having
properties almost equivalent to the fully dense parent material.

In welding, two or more metal parts are joined to form a single

piece when one-part fabrication is expensive or inconvenient. Both
similar and dissimilar metals may be welded.The joining bond is
metallurgical (involving some diffusion) rather than just
Welding mechanical, as with riveting and bolting. A variety of welding
methods exist, including arc and gas welding, as well as brazing
and soldering.
Types and Applications of Ceramics
 GLASSES
The glasses are a familiar group of ceramics; containers, lenses, and fiberglass represent typical
applications. As already mentioned, they are noncrystalline silicates containing other oxides,
notably CaO, Na2O, K2O, and Al2O3, which influence the glass properties. A typical soda–lime glass
consists of approximately 70 wt% SiO2, the balance being mainly Na2O (soda) and CaO (lime). The
compositions of several common glass materials are contained in Table 13.1. Possibly the two
prime assets of these materials are their optical transparency and the relative ease with which
they may be fabricated.

ceramic material

Glasess Clay products refractories abrasives cements Advanced ceramics

Glasess basic
glass-ceramics Structural clay whitewares silica
fireclay special
product
CLAY PRODUCTS
One of the most widely used ceramic raw materials is clay. This inexpensive ingredient,found
naturally in great abundance, often is used as mined without any upgrading of quality. Another
reason for its popularity lies in the ease with which clay products may be formed; when mixed in
the proper proportions, clay and water form a plastic mass that is very amenable to shaping. The
formed piece is dried to remove some of the moisture, after which it is fired at an elevated
temperature to improve its mechanical strength.
REFRACTORIES
Another important class of ceramics that are utilized in large tonnages is the refractory ceramics.
The salient properties of these materials include the capacity to withstand high temperatures
without melting or decomposing, and the capacity to remain unreactive and inert when exposed to
severe environments. In addition, the ability to provide thermal insulation is often an important
consideration. Refractory materials are marketed in a variety of forms, but bricks are the most
common. Typical applications include furnace linings for metal refining, glass manufacturing,
metallurgical heat treatment, and power generation.
Of course, the performance of a refractory ceramic, to a large degree, depends on its composition.
ABRASIVES
Abrasive ceramics are used to wear, grind, or cut away other material, which necessarily is softer.
Therefore, the prime requisite for this group of materials is hardness or wear resistance; in
addition, a high degree of toughness is essential to ensure that the abrasive particles do not easily
fracture. Furthermore, high temperatures may be produced from abrasive frictional forces, so
some refractoriness is also desirable.

Diamonds, both natural and synthetic, are utilized as abrasives; however, they are relatively
expensive. The more common ceramic abrasives include silicon carbide, tungsten carbide (WC),
aluminum oxide (or corundum), and silica sand. Abrasives are used in several forms—bonded to
grinding wheels, as coated abrasives, and as loose grains.
CEMENTS
Several familiar ceramic materials are classified as inorganic cements: cement, plaster of paris, and
lime, which, as a group, are produced in extremely large quantities. The characteristic feature of
these materials is that when mixed with water, they form a paste that subsequently sets and
hardens. This trait is especially useful in that solid and rigid structures having just about any shape
may be expeditiously formed.
ADVANCED CERAMICS
Although the traditional ceramics discussed previously account for the bulk of the production, the
development of new and what are termed “advanced ceramics” has begun and will continue to
establish a prominent niche in our advanced technologies. In particular, electrical, magnetic, and
optical properties and property combinations unique to ceramics have been exploited in a host of
new products
Applications of Polymers
 Application of polymer materials
Polymer material can be used as

Fibers Films
Based on the calssification of fiber,is devided into 2 types

Chemical/syntetic fiber Natural fiber

•Selulosa
Poliamid • Cotton
• Regenerative fiber •Rayon
Polivinil • Plant fiber • Flaks
viskus
• Semi syntetic fiber alchohol • Animal fiber •• Wol
hemp
Polinosik viber • Silk
•Kupra
Poliviniliden • Mineral fiber
• Syntetic fiber • clorida
Selulosa • Asbes
• Anorganic fiber •((Triasetat))
• Poliester
Fiber glass
•• Poliakilonitril
Protein viber
•((Promiks))
Polietilen
• Polipropilen
• Polialkinepara
oksibenzoat
Tell about molecular component of the
material described earlier,orientation
doesn’t special,but in fiber chain
molecules,all arranged in a longitudinal
direction. The direction of the molecular
chain is in the direction fiber length,this is a
fixeed rule.

Judging from the fact,tensile strengh,elastic modulus in

the longitudinal direction(young modulus), both show
a huge price . For example, if a piece of nylon mold
compared with nylon fiber, tensile strengh and young
modulus on fiber,far away greater than. The strechy
strengh of the fibers is preety good.
 Units related to fiber thicknes are spesific. The
common unit used today is denier unit, one denier
(d or D) is the weight in grams of fiber over 9000 m.
If the weight of 9000 m of fiber is 5 gram, its called
5d. Due to the existence of various thicknes of the
fiber and the yarn gives difficult.then the
international standarts organization suggest to use
text unit that is fiber weight along 1000 m,10 text
means that the weight of 1000 m of fiber is 10
grams. Than this units commonly used for all kinds
of yarns and fiber.
 Characteristic of fiber
Character A-1
Character /types cotton Woll
Strengh(g/d)(dry/wet) (3,0-4,9)/(3,3-6,4) (1,0-1,7)/(0,76-1,63)
Tensity(%) 102-110 76-96
extention 3-7 25-35
Young modulus(g/d) 68-93 11-25
Influence of heat Unravell at 130°,burn at
205°
Influence of Weather Lose strengh Lose strengh and cracking
Influence of acid Unravel in liquid acid Unravel at H2SO4
Influence of alkali Expand in NaOH Unravel at strong alkali
Other cemical influence Unravel by kuproamonium White by peroxid
 Character A-2

Character /types flaks Hemp

Strengh(g/d)(dry/wet) (3,0-4,0)/(2,1-2,8) 6,5/7,7
Tensity(%) 108 118
extention 4,5-4,8 5
Young modulus(g/d) 185-405 185-405
Influence of heat Unravell at 130°,unravel at
200°
Influence of Weather Lose strengh 55% Lose strengh and yellowing
Influence of acid Unravel in H2SO4 Unravel at H2SO4
Influence of alkali Expand in NaOH Unravel at strong alkali
Other cemical influence White by perokside Weak resistence by
oxydator
 Character B

Character /types Carbon fiber Fluoro fiber

Strengh(g/d)(dry/wet) 6,5-7,5 1,0-2,5
Tensity(%) 100
extention 2,3-2,7 25-50
Young modulus(g/d) 185-405 185-405
Influence of heat Boiling poiint 272°

Influence of Weather No decrease of power No decrease of power

Influence of acid - -
Influence of alkali - -
Other cemical influence - -
 Character C

Character /types Ordinary fiber Short polinotik fiber

Strengh(g/d)(dry/wet) 6,5-7,5 3,5-5,2
Tensity(%) 70-80
extention 2,3-2,7 7-14
Young modulus(g/d) 185-405 70-80
Influence of heat Lose colour and unravel at
260-300°
Influence of Weather Lose litle strengh Lose litle strengh
Influence of acid Unravel Unravel
Influence of alkali Expand by strong alkalized Expand by strong alkalized
Other cemical influence - -

Back
Films
A wide variety of films are made from polymeric materials
according to the type of polymer,thicknes,color,surface
treatment,lamination,coating and so forth. By using the same
type of polymer.quite different properties are obtained according
to how and how the films is printed. Most of the common films
made from thermoplastic polymers are
polyethylene,polypropylene,polyvinyl cloride.polyester etc.
Polyester film is made for video tape,magnetic tapes for
computers,tapes,and so forth. Superior mechanical properties.
Films that are not streched and films are inflamed easily streched
in a certain direction,so a good election is required in order to
meet the desired needs
 Character of films.

• Mechanical properties TheThe Thi

best properly
fluoresin
penetration
This property
is is heat
film
variesof
slightly
hyghly
resistance.
Superior light is dependent
Which
good can
on
mechanical
hold boiling
waterdepending
is on the type ofdensity
nylon,polyester,high
on the polymer
polyester,polycarbon
properties.
gas,but the Films that
polyvinylidies
• Permeability of water vapor polyethylene film,and which are
arechloride
not material.
at polystyrene
streched
resistanttriacetate
and
to ,celopan,polyvinyl
cold temperatures are
films
alchohol are
Polivinilden
nylon etc.
inflamed
and polyester
polyethylene,polypropylene,polyvin
• Permeability of gas easilyarestreched
the less
chloride,polyethyle in a
material
ylidene chloride,polyester and nylon.
certain
permeabledirection,so
to oxygen.a It is
similiar
ne
election
for
and polyvinyl
In addition,polyethylene
good selopans, is
and
polypropylene
polypropilene films arearestreched
• Optical properties required in order to
alchohol,polyvinylidene
enormously,in spun yarn and shear
meet substance
the desiredand
chloride,nylon that
needs
threads for ropes,mines,
are and
polyester
are less permeable
excelent
weaving in the many.
threads barrier
• Heat resistance properties carbon dioxide gas.
Composites
Composite

Many of our modern technologies require materials with unusual combinations

of properties that cannot be met by the conventional metal alloys, ceramics, and
polymeric materials. This is especially true for materials that are needed for
aerospace, underwater, and transportation applications. For example, aircraft
engineers are increasingly searching for structural materials that have low
densities, are strong, stiff, and abrasion and impact resistant, and are not easily
corroded. This is a rather formidable combination of characteristics. Frequently,
strong materials are relatively dense; also, increasing the strength or stiffness
generally results in a decrease in impact strength.
COMPOSITES
Particle-Reinforced
Composites

Fiber-Reinforced
Composites
Particle-Reinforced Composites

Some polymeric materials to which fillers have been added are really large-particle
composites. Again, the fillers modify or improve the properties of the material and/or
replace some of the polymer volume with a less expensive material.

TheConcrete
cermetsis are examples
a common of ceramic–metal
large-particle composite in
Cermet composites.
which bothThe matrixmost
and common cermet
dispersed phases areisceramic
the
cemented
materials.carbide,
Since thewhich is composed
terms “concrete” of extremely
and “cement” are
hardsometimes
particlesincorrectly interchanged,
of a refractory carbideperhaps it is such
ceramic
appropriatecarbide
as tungsten to make(WC)
a distinction between
or titanium them. In(TiC),
carbide a
broad sense, concrete implies a composite material
embedded
consistinginof aanmatrix of aofmetal
aggregate such
particles thatas
arecobalt
bound or
Concrete nickel. These
together in acomposites
solid body byare
someutilized
type of extensively
binding as
cutting tools for hardened steels
medium
Fiber-Reinforced Composites

POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITES
METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES
CERAMIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES
CARBON–CARBON COMPOSITES
HYBRID COMPOSITES
The superalloys, as well as alloys of aluminum, magnesium, titanium,
and copper,
are employed as matrix materials. The reinforcement may be in the
form of particulates, both continuous and discontinuous fibers, and
whiskers; concentrationsnormally range between 10 and 60 vol%.
Continuous fiber materials include carbon, silicon carbide, boron,
aluminum oxide, and the refractory metals. On the other hand,
discontinuous reinforcements consist primarily of silicon carbide
whiskers, chopped fibers of aluminum oxide and carbon, and
particulates of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide. In a sense, the
cermets (Section 16.2) fall within this MMC scheme. In Table 16.9 are
presented the properties of several common metal-matrix,continuous
and aligned fiber-reinforced composites.
ceramic materials are inherently resilient to oxidation and
deterioration at elevated temperatures; were it not for their
disposition to brittle fracture, some of these materials would
be ideal candidates for use in high-temperature and severe-
stress applications, specifically for components in automobile
and aircraft gas turbine engines

The fracture toughnesses of ceramics have been improved significantly by the

development of a new generation of ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs)
particulates, fibers, or whiskers of one ceramic material that have been embedded
into a matrix of another ceramic. Ceramic-matrix composite materials have
extended fracture toughnesses to between about 6 and 20 MPa (5.5 and 18 ksi ).
One of the most advanced and promising engineering material is the carbon
fiberreinforced carbon-matrix composite, often termed a carbon–carbon
composite; as the name implies, both reinforcement and matrix are carbon.
These materials are relatively new and expensive and, therefore, are not
currently being utilized extensively. Their desirable properties include high-
tensile moduli and tensile strengths that are retained to temperatures in excess
of 2000°C (3630°F),

The primary reason that these composite materials are so expensive is

the relatively complex processing techniques that are employed.
Preliminary procedures are similar to those used for carbon-
fiber,polymer-matrix composites. That is, the continuous carbon fibers
are laid down having the desired two- or threedimensional pattern; these
fibers are then impregnated with a liquid polymer resin, often a phenolic;
the workpiece is next formed into the final shape, and the resin is allowed
to cure.
A relatively new fiber-reinforced composite is the hybrid, which is obtained by using two or
more different kinds of fibers in a single matrix; hybrids have a better allaround combination
of properties than composites containing only a single fiber type. A variety of fiber
combinations and matrix materials are used, but in the most common system, both carbon
and glass fibers are incorporated into a polymeric resin. The carbon fibers are strong and
relatively stiff and provide a low-density reinforcement; however, they are expensive. Glass
fibers are inexpensive and lack the stiffness of carbon. The glass–carbon hybrid is stronger
and tougher, has a higher impact resistance, and may be produced at a lower cost than either
of the comparable all-carbon or all-glass reinforced plastics.

Principal applications for hybrid composites are lightweight

land, water, and air transport structural components, sporting
goods, and lightweight orthopedic components
THANK
YOU