Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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Inorganic
Silt / Mud
Salts, Na, Ca, Mg - Cl, SO4, HCO3, OH, H+
Organics
Slime / insoluble organics.
Alcohol, Aldehydes, Acids
Gases
O2, N2, CO2
Ammonia , H2S
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MAJOR IMPURITIES OF WATER
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Water is seldom suitable for use without some
treatment as impurities present are harmful
depending on:
1.Nature and amount present
2.End Use
3.Tolerance for various impurities
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Drinking Water.
Boiler Feed Water
Ultrapure Water :
*High Pressure Boiler
*Semi-Conductor and Electronic
Industry
Different Process Industries
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Scale Deposition.
Corrosion
Discolouration of Product
Taste ,Odour ,
Microbiological contamination imparted due to
impurities
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Instrument pH, TDS, Conductivity, Na / H.
Titration Ca, Mg, SO4, Cl.
Gravimetric.
Volumetric.
Colourimetric.
Instrumentation.
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P.T.Plant
The clarification of water is a
process applied mostly to surface
waters for the removal of suspended solids,
finely divided particles present as turbidity
or color, and other colloidal materials
Conventionally the clarification process
involves coagulation, flocculation, and
sedimentation
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Removal of suspended particles which will not
settle by gravity alone requires the addition of
chemical compounds commonly referred to as
coagulants
The small size of colloids coupled with their
surface charge is primarily responsible for
establishing conditions favorable for
the creation of dispersions
Further mixing of coagulant should be carried out
in such a manner that it should match the floc
strength at various stages of its formation
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Use of Alum; Al2(SO4)3.18H2O
(Al2O3-16%Min., Iron as Fe-0.7%Max.)
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
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Concept of Water Softening
Removal of Hardness (Ca2+, Mg2+)
Hardness is an important water quality parameter in determining
the suitability of water for domestic and industrial uses
Hard waters require considerable amounts of soap to produce foam
Hard waters produce scale in hot-water pipers, heaters and boilers
Ca2+ + 2HCO3- CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O
Groundwater is generally harder than surface water
Principal cations causing hardness and the major anions associated
with them (in decreasing order of abundance in natural waters)
Cations: Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Fe2+, Mn2+
Anions: HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, SiO32-
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Carbonate and Noncarbonate Hardness
Total hardness = Carbonate hardness +
Noncarbonate hardness
Carbonate hardness = temporary hardness;
eliminated at elevated temperatures in
boilers
Ca2+ + 2HCO3- CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Ca2+ + 2HCO3- + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Noncarbonate hardness = permanent
hardness; can not be removed or
precipitated by boiling. Noncarbonate
hardness cations are associated with SO42-,
Cl- and NO3-.
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Gravity filter
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ION EXCHANGE RESIN
•The synthetic organic resins are the predominant type used today
because their characteristics can be tailored to specific applications.
Matrix: The basic polymeric structure(or the solid support) for ion exchange
resins is called matrix.
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PROCESS OF ION EXCHANGE
•Reversible: Ion exchange is a reversible process therefore, resin can be
converted from one ionic form to the other form, number of times and
reused.
APPLICATIONS
•Softening plant
•Demineralization plant
•Condensate polishing units
•Specific application by using chelating resins
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TYPES OF RESINS USED IN DEMINERALIZATION PLANT
1.Strong acid cation resins (SAC):
The strong acid cation resin derived their exchange activity from
sulphonic acid group(-SO3H) phosphonic (H2PO3-). When
operated on hydrogen cycle these remove nearly all cations
present in raw water. The strong acid cations can convert neutral
salts into corresponding acids. After exhaustion the resin can be
regenerated with HCl(4%)& NaCl(10%) for demineralization and
softening purpose, repectively.
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Role of WTP: To produce Ultra-pure water
SiO2: < 20 ppb
PH = 6.8 and k = 0.08s/cm (upto)
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Superiority of Iso-porous Resins over
Gel and Macro-porous
Reversibility to organic fouling
(comparable with macroporous)
Much higher operating capacity and low silica
leakage.
Higher regeneration efficiency.
Longer life – because of better elasticity and ability
to withstand osmotic shock.
Lower cost (as compared to macroporous
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COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF
ION EXCHANGEER RESINS (GEL, ISOPOROUS, MACROPOROUS)
PARAMETERS GEL ISOPOROUS MACROPOROUS
Structure Non uniform, heterogeneous Uniform, homogeneous Heterogeneous structure
structure Structure With large cavities
Pore size Very small Larger than gel Very large pore size
(<40oA) (Avg. 1300oA)
Resistance to Gets easily fouled with Excellent resistance to Very good resistance
Organic fouling Organics Organic fouling To organic fouling
Operating Normally higher than Higher than gel and Lower than gel and
Capacity Macr porous but lower than Microporous types isoporous types
Isoporous type.
Operating Cost Medium Low High
Regeneration Good Excellent Less
Efficiency
Treated Water Average Excellent Good
Quality (Silica
leakage)
Osmotic Stability Good Excellent Good
Elasticity Low High Very Poor
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DM Plants(Co-flow)
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Activated Carbon Filter
Service and Regeneration ( Back
wash)
SI - Service Inlet
SO - Service Outlet
BWI - Backwash In
BWO - Backwash Out
RO - Rinse Out
Air BO
vent
SI
BI
To Cation SO
Exchanger RO
Drain
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Cation exchanger
Exchange reactions -
NaCl + RSO3H –RSO3Na + HCl
MgSO4 + 2RSO3H - (RSO3)2Mg +H2SO4
Ca(HCO3)2 +2RSO3H - (RSO3)2Ca +2CO2 +2H2O
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It can be seen from last equation that the alkaline salt –calcium
bicarbonate has been split into carbonic acid which being weakly
ionised can also be represented as free carbon dioxide and water.
The neutral salts have been converted into their respective mineral
acids. The treated water is therefore acidic and has a low PH.
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Test
If FMA (free mineral acidity) is almost constant running
exchanger is O.K. If FMA gradually decreases and anion
exchanger’s conductivity gradually increases the
exchanger is going to exhaust. FMA is measured by
alkali.
Regeneration
At CTPS New DM plant -1.Back wash -1 hr, or the
effluent coming out from exchanger is clear. 2.Charging-
2.0% H2SO4 for 20 mints 4.0-5.0% H2SO4 for 30 mints
till total acid consumed-255Kg 3.Ringing- 1 hr. If FMA is
constant bed is ready for service.
Reversible reaction (an example)-
2RSO3Na + H2SO4 - 2(RSO3)H +H2SO4
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Degassifier
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Anion Exchanger
The weak base anion exchanger has poly amine functional groups
containing primary amine –NH2, secondary amine –NHR and
tertiary amine –NR2.
At CTPS we use strongly basic Type I high capacity resin.
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Exchange reactions
Test
Limits
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Cation Exchanger And Anion Exchanger
Regeneration line to
weak exchanger
DF - Down Flow
Weak Strong NF - Nozzle flushin
Air NF Air
Vent Vent
SI DF
BI
SI BI
Acid/Alkali injection
BO RO
SO
BO RO SO
Drain
Drain 34
Mixed bed exchanger
Limits
Regeneration
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MIXED BED
Service and Regeneration
Alkali injection
SI
Air
NF Vent
Air
Drain Acid SO 36
injection
Mixed Bed
Resin Separation
Anion exchange
Resin
Cation exchange
Resin
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DM PLANT
From filter water
pumps For circuit rinse
ACF SBA
WAC SAC WBA MB
Air DM
water
storage
DEGASSER tank
Cl + ++
+
++ +
+ +
SO4
+ + +
+ +
+ Anion resin bead
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
Foulant + + + +
negative charge + +
+
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FACTOR DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION OF IONS BETWEEN AN ION-
EXCHANGE RESIN AND A SOLUTION
b) Under similar conditions and constant valency, for univalent ions the
extent of exchange increases with decrease in size of the hydrated
cation.
Li + < H + < Na+ <NH4+ < K+ < Rb+ < Cs+
While for divalent ions the ionic size is an important factor but the
incomplete dissociation of salts of bivalent metals also plays a part.
Ni++ < Co++ <Ca++ < Sr ++ < Pb++ < Ba++
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c) With strongly basic anion-exchange resins,
univalent anions appear to behave similarly to
univalent cations.
F- < OH- < Cl- < Br- < NO3- < I-
In dilute solution polyvalent anions are
generally absorbed preferentially.
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Health of
a boiler
Water
Health of heat
chemistry
exchanger tubes
control
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THANK YOU
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