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MIDDLE AGES

MEDIEVAL EUROPE
• IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPE, THE MIDDLE AGES
LASTED FROM THE 5TH TO THE 15TH CENTURY. IT
BEGAN WITH THE FALL OF THE WESTERN
ROMAN EMPIRE AND MERGED INTO THE
RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF DISCOVERY.
• POPULATION DECLINE,
COUNTERURBANISATION, INVASION AND
MOMENT OF PEOPLE, WHICH HAS BEGUN IN
LATE ANTIQUITY, CONTINUED IN THE EARLY
MIDDLE AGES.
• HIGH MIDDLE AGE BEGUN AFTER 1000, THE
POPULATIONN OF EUROPE INCREASED GREATLY
AS TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION ALLOWED
TRADE TO FLOURISH AND CLIMATE CHANGE
ALLOWED CROP YIELD TO INCREASE.
• THE LATE MIDDLE AGES WAS MARKED BY
DIFFICULTIES AND CALAMITIES INCLUDING
FAMINE, PLAGUE, AND WAR, WHICH
DIMINISHED THE POPULATION OF EUROPE,
BETWEEN 1347 AND 1350, THE BLACK DEATH
KILLED ABOUT A THIRD OF EUROPE.
• The Medieval House in the Early Medieval Period
– Noblemen and Women
medieval cottage from the thirteenth century, has been reconstructed by the
Weald and Downland Museum, Sussex, England. It was inhabited by the Lord of
the Manor, his family and servants.
It has two rooms, one containing the hearth that would have been the main living
area. The other room contains a stone oven.
The house would have been very dark and smoky inside as there is no chimney
and only a small window.
The animals would have been housed in a separate building, probably a wooden
barn, and another building would have been used to store crops which were
grown on the land around the house.

• The Medieval House in the Later Medieval Period


– Noblemen and Women
In the later medieval period the houses of the rich were made out of
brick. However, brick was very expensive so many chose to make the
half-timbered houses that are now commonly referred to as Tudor
houses.
Tiles were used on the roofs and some had chimneys and glass in the
windows.
These houses had two or more floors and the servants slept upstairs
• The Medieval House in the Early Medieval Period –
Peasants
Peasants’ houses from this period have not survived because they were made out of sticks,
straw and mud.
They were one-roomed houses which the family shared with the animals.
They made their houses themselves because they could not afford to pay someone to build
them.
The simplest houses were made out of sticks and straw

• Later Medieval Period – Peasants


The Black Death of 1348 killed a large number of the peasant population. This meant that
there were not enough peasants to work in the fields. Landowners desperate for workers to
harvest their crops began offering wages to anyone who would work on their land. Peasants
were, for the first time, able to offer their services to the landowner that would pay the
highest wage.
With more money, peasants were able to afford better housing and many now lived in
wattle and daub houses.
Wattle and Daub houses were taller and wider than the simple stick and straw houses. They
also offered better protection from the weather.
They were made by first constructing a framework of timber, then filling in the spaces with
wattle (woven twigs). Finally, the twigs were daubed with mud which, when dried, made a
hard wall.
MEDIEVALCITIyOFINDIA
INTRODUCTION
 The medieval era in the
Indian history begins from
the decline of Vedic era in
the end of 6th century until
12th century.

 During the period, a large


number of kingdoms
flourished in the region.
Great cities were developed
and prospered.

 Religion, military & politics


formed the basis of city
planning.

 The Mauryan and Gupta


dynasty in the north,
Cholas and Pandyvas in the
south,
Religious influence:
 The Indian peninsular region majorly followed Hinduism, until the
spread of Buddhism and Jainism and onset of Islam.
 Under the patronage of kings, a lot of great temples were built which
lead to the development of very particular temple styles and other
architectural features in every region.

Military influence
 During this period, there was
constatnt threats from neighbouring
regions, this lead to extensive
measures for security.
 It was during this time, that the
concept of fortification and defense
city walls was used widely.
 Great scholar from vedic era and
kautilya has provided detailed guide
lines for designing.

Political influence:
 The king and the royal court were
the seat of administration
CITY PLANNING: SHILPASHASTRA
 The vedic era bestowed the world with vastushastra which formed the
basis for design and construction for centuries. All the medivial cities
followed certain parts from it and kautilya later formulated detailed
regulations for defense purpose.

 The roads were generally irregular and narrow in the residential


region, while the major roads used by kings were wider.

 The cities were not made on a regular pattern to create a maze like
plan for defense purposes. Roads generally radiated from a religious
place or market place.

 The RESIDENTIAL PATTERN observed strict hierarchy in terms of


distance from the royal fort situated on a mound. They developed
along side or along the contours.
 The royal citadel must have a council hall in the center.
 It must be surrounded by a number of secondary fortification
walls and moats.
 The military should be stationed within the fortress as a
precaution against any invasion.
 Residential quarters should be located towards the north.
 The Silpasasthras refer to four distinct categories of habitation
settlements within the forts and fortified cities

 The earlier Silpasasthras do not put more emphasis upon the secular
architecture

 large artificial tanks are also located in all directions. Some times the
step wells are provided in alignment with the fortification walls .

 The palaces were provided with guard rooms at various strategic


points for guards, equipped with arms, weapons, and well–defended
by machinery.

 Common residential houses, houses of Kings, special houses-


assembly halls and council chambers, animal- sheds and stables, for
cows, horses, and elephants.

 Prasad's or temples may be classed as extra –ordinary houses as


residences for Gods together with their accessory building for
worship, ritual, shelter, and the ceremonies of a religious.
Samaranganasutradhara; literally means an ―architect of human
dwellings‖.
VARANASI
Varanasi
INTRODUCTION
 Varanasi is one of the oldest living cities in the world, with a
continuous history dating back 3,000 to 5,000 years.

 It is a symbol of Hindu renaissance.

 The name Varanasi names the two tributaries of the Ganga that lie on
the northern and southern ends of the town, the Varuna and the Asi.
They guard the city against the entry of evil: Asi = the sword; Varuna
The averter.
CITY PLANNING
The city of Varanasi has grown
along the arc of the Ganges, with the
river as a focal point in one direction
and growth of the city taking place in
a semi-circular direction.

From the nature of the bend of the


ganga it is obvious that the minimum
river erosion would be in the northern
zone of the Dasaswamedh and as
such, the first settlement must have
been in that area.

However, as the settlements grew


larger in size and number, the
expansion of the city proceeded
southwards at first and then west
EVOLUTION
Architecture in the old city area dates
back to just after the Afghan invasion.
During the Gupta period (3rd to 6th
century), the Ghats became the centre of
economic and cultural activities.
By the 17th century the riverfront
landscape (Ghats) became prominent in
the overall arena of Varanasi.
 The palatial buildings along
the Ghats were built under the patronage
of the Marathas during the 18th-19th
centuries.
 Even in 19th-20th
centuries, many Ghats were
reconstructed, renamed and reshape d.
PLANNING DURING THE
MEDIVIAL TIMES
The height of Varanasi’s splendor was
in the 11 th century AD.
The main density lay to the north of the
city’s present location, which was stately
parkland full of hermitages and temples.
Two great temples pierced the skyline:
Bindu Madhava atop Panchganga Ghat
and Vishveshvara set back from the river.
The ancient Raj Ghat ford was a busy
port.
In late 18th and 20th centuary, the
riverfront many monasteries (ashrams),
Sanskrit schools, temples, and pilgrim
rest house were built by the Peshvas of
Pune, Holkar of Indore, and Scindias of
Gwalior (Madhya
Pradesh), the Bhonshalas of Nagpur (Maharashtra), the
Sursand, Bhabhua and Darbhanga estates of Bihar etc.
2-OLD CITY
 The old city of Varanasi
extends about two kilometers
back from the river and is a
maze of alleyways and
streets.
 The Muslim quarter, most
of the
temples, mosques, ashrams,
the vegetable shops and
budget accommodation can
be found here.
 The riverfront of Ganga
comprises of a series of 84
Ghats as a special chain of
sacred places. Ghats bear
testimony to the
uniqueness
of Ghat architecture which is a
mosaic of different cultures.
The British stayed in an
4-CANTONEMNET
area, which is now
called the Cantonment.

DEVELOPMENT
PATTERN:
 Over a period of
time, with the inclusion
of a large number of
villages and urban
settlements, the city's
development has
resulted in irregularly
shaped built-up areas
along peripheries of the
central areas of the city.
 As a result the
municipal city limits
have been extended as
and when the need was
felt, to regulate the
settlement
CHANGE OF LAND USE:
 DASASHWAMEDH GHAT
• Godavari stream was filled up, acts as the
main approach road to Dasaswamedh ghat.
• Dasaswamedh provides a beautiful and
colorful riverfront view and sadhus.
• Today in that area there lies an incomplete
commercial complex and the area is used for
parking.

bicycles.
• The vegetable market is still there
and it has now taken the place on th • e
road. The skyline of the ghat area h
drastically changed. • as
• Sewerage pumping stations have
come up.
 MANIKARNIKA GHAT
•Manikarnika Ghat is the main cremation Ghat of Varanasi.
•It is one of the oldest and most sacred Ghats here.
•It symbolizes both creation and destruction.

 ASSI GHAT
•Situated at the confluence of Ganga and Assi rivers, Assi Ghat
is where people bathe before paying their homage to Lord
Shiva.
•Asi Ghat also constitutes the southern end of conventional
city.
GROWTH PATTERN:
 The green spaces are reduced
considerately because of:
• New construction over them
• The trees have fallen due to
aging and no new plantation has
been done.
• Built open spaces.
• Due to high economic pressures
the city’s open spaces are
reduced considerable.

 Permeability to the city has


reduced, either the street is closed or
the street width has reduced which
has led to:
• Lack of open space
• Unhygienic condition
• Improper drainage
• Increase of pressure on primary
routes
HIERARCHY OF
STREETS:
 The streets have a hierarchy of
movement pattern with the ones
leading to the Ghats and the main
vehicular street being the most
important ones with the maximum
pedestrian traffic.
 The streets are therefore of varying
widths, the most important ones
being the widest and straighter and
the less important ones being for
lesser width and more zigzag in
nature.
 During early period Varanasi was
typical of an oriental city.
 The streets were not wide enough for
wheeled carriage particularly in the
densely settled residential areas.
RESIDENCES
 About one-third of the houses were pakka either built of
chunar stone or bricks.
 Majority of the pakka houses were lofty with two or three
stories and several of them were as high as five or six stories.
 They were richly embellished with
verandahs, galleries, projecting oriel windows and very broad
and overhanging eaves supported by carved brackets.
 The walls of the houses were
richly painted in deep red colour
with designs of flower-pots, men
and women, bulls, elephants, and
gods and goddesses in various
forms.
Thank You
From:
Shriya Joshi
Kratika Jain
Nishtha Jain
7th sem , 4th year
S.O.A. A.G.I.

Subject: Settlement Planning

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