Pumps

Pump Types
• Centrifugal Pumps
– Radial Flow
– Axial Flow
– Mixed Flow
• Positive Displacement Pumps
– Piston
– Cylinder
Radial Flow Pump

High Head
Low Flow
Axial Flow Pumps

Low Head
High Flow
 Hydraulic Machinery Overview
• Types of Pumps
• Dimensionless Parameters for Turbomachines
• Power requirements
• Head-discharge curves
• Pump Issues
– Cavitation
– NPSH
– Priming
• Pump selection
 Pressure Developed by
Centrifugal Pumps
• Centrifugal pumps accelerate a liquid
• The maximum velocity reached is the velocity of
the periphery of the impeller
• The kinetic energy is converted into potential
energy as the fluid leaves the pump
• The potential energy developed is approximately
V2
velocity head
equal to the ________ ____ at the periphery of hp =
the impeller 2g
• A given pump with a given impeller diameter and
speed will raise a fluid to a certain height
regardless of the fluid density
 Radial Pumps
• also called _________
centrifugal pumps
• broad range of applicable flows and heads
2
• higher heads can be achieved by increasing hp = V
diameter or the rotational 2g
the _______ ______ speed
___ of the
impeller
Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
 Axial Flow

• also known as
propeller
__________ pumps
• low head (less than
12 m)
• high flows (above 20
L/s)
Dimensionless Parameters for
Turbomachines
• We would like to be able to compare pumps
with similar geometry. Dimensional analysis
to the rescue...
• To use the laws of similitude to compare
performance of two pumps we need
– exact geometric similitude
• all linear dimensions must be scaled identically
• roughness must scale
• homologous - streamlines are similar Q
same
– constant ratio of dynamic pressures at D 3
corresponding points
• also known as kinematic similitude
 Kinematic Similitude:
Constant Force Ratio
• Reynolds
VD
– ratio of inertial to viscous
_______ forces

• Froude
gravity V2 V
– ratio of inertial to ________ force
• Weber gl gl
surface-tension
– ratio of inertial to ______ _____ forces V 2 l

• Mach
elastic forces V
– ratio of inertial to _______
c
 Turbomachinery Parameters
 D flow  Q 
C p  f  Re, F ,W , M , , ,  Where is the fluid?
 Dimpeller D flow  D flow 
3


 2p hp g
Cp  CH =
hp g V   Dimpeller CH 
V 2 V 2  2 Dimpeller
2

hp g  D flow  Q 
 CH  f  Re, , , 
 2 Dimpeller
2  Dimpeller D flow  D flow 
3

impeller (Impeller is better defined)
 Shape Factor
• Related to the ratio of flow passage
diameter to impeller diameter
• Defined for the point of best efficiency
• What determines the ideal shape for a
pump?

S  f ( , Q, p,  )

Exercise
 N Q
* Impeller Geometry: w Q
N sp = S=
(h )
p
34
Shape Factor (gh ) p
34

Impeller
N S diameter
500 0.18 pressure low ____
Radial: high _______, flow

1000 0.37 radial

3400 1.25 mixed

6400 2.33 mixed

flow
axial: high _______, pressure
low _______
10000 3.67

*N in rpm, Q in gpm, H in ft Nsp = 2732S

 Use of Shape Factor: w Q
S=
Specific Speed (gh ) p
34

• The maximum efficiencies for all pumps occurs

when the Shape Factor is close to 1!
– Flow passage dimension is close to impeller
diameter!
– Low expansion losses!
• There must be an optimal shape factor given a
discharge and a head.
• Shape factor defined for specific cases
– Double suction
• Treat like two pumps in parallel
– Multistage (pumps in series) Why multistage?
• Use Q and H for each stage
 Additional Dimensionless
Parameters
hp g
CH = 2 2
D is the _______
impeller diameter
w D
Q
CQ 
 D3
Pw = g Qhp
P
CP  P is the _____
power
 3 D 5

CQ1 2 Alternate equivalent way

S to calculate S.
CH3 4
(defined at max efficiency)
 Head-Discharge Curve
• circulatory flow - hp g Theoretical head-
inability of finite CH = 2 2
w D discharge curve
number of blades to
guide flow hp
V 2
• friction - ____
• shock - incorrect
angle of blade inlet
V2
___ Actual head-
discharge curve
• other losses
– bearing friction
– packing friction
– disk friction Q
Q
– internal leakage CQ 
 D3
Pump Power Requirements

Pw = g Qhp Water power

Subscripts
Pw
eP 
Ps
w = _______
water
Ps p = _______
pump
em 
Pm s = _______
shaft
g Qhp m = motor
_______
Pm =
eP em
 Impeller Shape vs. Power
Curves
S
Power (% of design)

radial 1 - O.33
2 - 0.81
3 - 1.5
4 - 2.1
axial 5 - 3.4
Discharge (% of design)
http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/
 homologous
Affinity Laws CQ  held constant

 With diameter, D, held constant: P  QH

Q hp g P
CQ  CH = CP 
 D3 w 2 D2  3 D 5
1
3
Q1 hp1 æw1 ö
2
P1  1 
 =ç ÷   
Q2 2 hp 2 èw2 ø  
P2  2
• With speed, , held constant:
2 5
Q1 æD1 ö
3 hp1 æD1 ö P1 æD1 ö
=ç ÷ =ç ÷ =ç ÷
Q2 èD2 ø hp 2 èD2 ø P2 èD2 ø
 Dimensionless Performance
Curves
0.08 1
0.07 0.9
0.8
hp g 0.06
0.7 Efficiency
CH = 2 2 0.05 0.6
w D
0.04 0.5
0.03 0.4
0.3
0.02
D=0.366 m 0.2
0.01 0.1
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Q
 0.087 
0.5
CQ  shape
12  4.57
S
C Q
 0.026 
0.75 D 3
34
 Curves for a particular pump
C H (defined at max efficiency)  Independent of the fluid!
____________
 Pump Example
• Given a pump with shape factor of 4.57, a
diameter of 366 mm, a 2-m head, a speed
of 600 rpm, and dimensionless
performance curves (previous slide). 0.08
0.07
1
0.9
0.8
0.06

Efficiency
Hg

• What will the discharge be?

0.7
CH  0.05 0.6
 2D 2 0.04 0.5
0.03 0.4
0.3
0.02
0.01
D=0.366 m 0.2
0.1

• How large a motor will be needed if motor

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Q
CQ 
D 3

efficiency is 95%?

Exercise
Pumps in Parallel or in Series

• Parallel
– Flow ________
adds
– Head ________
same

• Series
– Flow ________
same
– Head ________
adds

• Multistage
 Cavitation in Water Pumps

• water vapor bubbles 8000

form when the 7000

Vapor pressure (Pa)

pressure is less than 6000

the vapor pressure of 5000

4000
water 3000
• very high pressures 2000
(800 MPa or 115,000 1000
0
psi) develop when 0 10 20 30 40
the vapor bubbles Temperature (C)
collapse
 Net Positive Suction Head
• NPSHR - absolute pressure in excess of vapor
pressure required at pump inlet to prevent
cavitation
– given by pump manufacturer
– determined by the water velocity at the entrance to
the pump impeller
• NPSHA - pressure in excess of vapor pressure
available at pump inlet
– determined by pump installation (elevation above
reservoir, frictional losses, water temperature)
• If NPSHA is less than NPSHR cavitation will
occur
 Net Positive Suction Head

2 Elevation datum
Absolute pressure
z
ps Vs2 pv s = suction
NPSH R = + - Total head -pv!
1 g 2g g

2
peye
pv Veye
NPSH R = - + At cavitation!
g g 2g
NPSHR increases with Q2!
How much total head in excess of vapor pressure is available?
 NPSHA
p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
g 2g g 2g

patm ps Vs2
+ zreservoir = + + hL
g g 2g

patm ps Vs2
- Dz - hL = +
g g 2g

patm pv ps Vs2 pv
- Dz - hL - = + - Subtract vapor pressure
g g g 2g g
patm p
- Dz - hL - v = NPSH A
g g
 NPSHr Illustrated

Pv
Pressure in excess of
vapor pressure required
NPSHr to prevent cavitation

NPSHr can exceed atmospheric pressure!

 NPSH problem
Determine the minimum
reservoir level relative to ?
the pump centerline that will
be acceptable. The NPSHr 18°C
for the pump is 2.5 m.
Assume you have applied
the energy equation and
found a head loss of 0.5 m.

Exercise
 Pumps in Pipe Systems
Pipe diameter is 0.4 m
and friction factor is
0.015. What is the pump
discharge?
60 m
1 km

p1 V12 p2 V22
  z1  hp    z 2  hl 11m
m
 2g  2g

hp  z 2  z 1  hl

hp  f(Q) often expressed as hp = a - bQ 2

 Pumps in Pipe Systems
system operating point
120

100

80 Head vs. discharge

Head (m)

pump
curve for ________
hp 60

40 Could you solve this

Static head with a dimensionless
20
performance curve?
0 hp g
CH =
0 0.2 0.4
3
0.6 0.8 w 2 D2
Discharge (m /s)

What happens as the static head changes (a tank fills)?

 Pump Selection
• Material Compatibility
• Solids
• Flow
• Head
• NPSHa
• Pump Selection software
• A finite number of pumps will come close to
meeting the specifications!
 Pump Selection Chart

http://www.pricepump.com/

Model M

Model X
 Selection of Pump Type

1000 Positive
displacement
Radial
100 6000
Pumping head (m)

4000

Power (kW)
2000
hp Mixed 1000
10 600
400
200
100
1 Axial 60
40
1 2 4 6 20
10
0.1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Flow (m3/s)
 End of Curve Operation

• Right of the BEP (Best Efficiency Point)

– is sufficient NPSH available for the pump to
operate properly?
– fluid velocities through the suction and discharge
nozzles of the pump could be extremely high,
resulting in increased pump and system noise
(and wear)
• Left of BEP operation
– high thrust loads on the pump bearings and
mechanical face seals result in premature failure.
– The pump is oversized, resulting in lower
efficiency and higher operating and capital costs.
 w Q
S=
Gould’s Pump Curves (gh )p
34

890 rpm = 93.2 rad/s

Splitcase double suction

BEP = 1836 L/s

S=0.787

Check the Power!

 Shape Factor Solution
• Create a dimensionless grouping

S  f ( , Q, p,  )

M L  Q
p  T 2 L2   2  S 34
mass
Eliminate ______   L
T2  p 
 M     
 L3    
p  2 2/3 
length
Eliminate _______  L T  1 
Q 2 3  T 2  L3 2 / 3   T 4 / 3 
  w Q
S=
p
34
time
Eliminate ______ (gh )
p
Q 2 3 4 3
 Pump Curve Solution

 600rev   1 min   2 
       62.8 / s
    
 min   60s   rev 

hp g  2m 9.8m / s 2 
CH = CH   0.037
w 2 D2 62.8 / s 2 0.366m 2
Q CQ  0.068
CQ 
D 3
Q  0.06862.8 / s 0.366m   0.21m3 / s
3
Q  CQD 3

g Qhp
P
 9800 N / m  0.21m / s   2m 
3 3

 5.55kW
Pm =
eP em  0.78 0.95
 NPSH solution

NPSH A = NPSH R
?
patm - pv
NPSH A = - Dz - hL
g
18°C
patm - pv pv  2000 Pa
Dz = - hl - NPSH R
g
patm = 101300 Pa
101300 Pa   2000 Pa    9789 N / m3
z   0.5m  2.5m
9789 N / m3

z  7.14m
 Pump System Terms
– Static suction lift: Vertical distance from
source water level to centerline of pump

Gupta, Fig. 11.17b

 Pump System Terms
– Static discharge lift: Vertical distance from
centerline of pump to water level at outlet

Gupta, Fig. 11.17b

 Pump System Terms
– Total static head: Sum of static suction lift and
static discharge lift

=Z

Gupta, Fig. 11.17b

Example System-Head Curve

Gupta, Fig. 11.18

 Pump Characteristics
• So far, we’ve assumed the efficiency () of
a pump is constant
• In practice, for a given pump running at a
given speed, there are relationships
among Q, Hp, and 
• The relationships are called the pump
characteristics or performance curves
 Pump Characteristics
• The pump characteristic curves are
experimentally derived
• Generally shown as a function of Q
– Pumping head (Hp)
– Brake horsepower (P)
– Efficiency ()
Example Pump Characteristic Curve

Gupta, Fig. 11.19

 Pump Systems
• If we superimpose the system-head curve
with the pump-characteristic curve, the
intersection will determine the operating
point of the pump in the system
• If efficiency is too low, then select another
pump
 Elevated Section in a Pipe
• Long pipelines laid to transport water from one
reservoir to another over a large distance
usually follow the natural contour of the land
• Occasionally, a section of the pipeline may be
raised to an elevation that is above the local
HGL.
Elevated Section in a Pipe
 Elevated Section in a Pipe

• Conceptually, the vertical distance between HGL

and EGL at any location is the velocity head,
V2/2g.
• And the vertical distance between HGL and the
pipe line is the pressure head, P/γ.
• In the vicinity of the pipeline summit, S, the
pressure head may take on negative values.
• This is because the total energy head must equal
the vertical distance between the datum and the
EGL
 Elevated Section in a Pipe
• Negative pressure exists in the pipeline where
the pipeline is raised above the HGL.
• In other word, it flows from a point of lower
pressure toward a point of higher pressure.
• This is possible because water always flows
from high-energy toward low-energy locations.
 Elevated Section in a Pipe
• However, it is important to maintain gauge
pressure at all points in a pipeline above the vapor
pressure of water.
• The vapor pressure of water is approximately
equal to a negative water column of 10.33 m at
20oC.
• When the gauge pressure in a pipe drops below
this value, water will be vaporized locally to form
vapor pockets that separate the water in the pipe
and will collapse in regions of higher pressure
downstream.
 Elevated Section in a Pipe
• This action of vapor collapse is most violent,
causing vibration and sound that can greatly
damage the pipeline.
• Water also contains dissolved gases that will come
out from the water solution well before the vapor
pressure point is reached.
• So negative pressure should not be allowed to
exceed approximately two-thirds of barometric
head in any section of the pipe.
 Numerical Example

• A uniform steel pipeline 40 cm in diameter and

2000 m long carries water at 10oC between two
reservoirs as shown in the figure below.
• The two reservoirs have a water surface elevation
difference of 30 m. At mid-length the pipeline
must be raised to carry the water over a small hill.
• Determine the maximum elevation to which the
summit S may be raised above the lower reservoir
water.
Adapted from Fundamentals of Hydraulic
Engineering Systems (Hwang and Hita, 1987)
 Elevated Section in a Pipe

B
 Numerical Example
Solution
• The total head loss between the two reservoirs is
30 m, which includes the entrance loss, he, the
friction loss in the pipeline, hf, and the discharge
loss, hd.
• We may write the Bernoulli Equation between A
and B:
L V2
hA  hB  30  ( K e  f  K d )
D 2g
V is unknown: This is Type II design problem (discharge problem)
 Numerical Example
• assume f=0.025

2000 V2
30  (0.5  0.025  1) V  2.175m / sec
0.4 2(9.81)

For commercial steel, e/D = 0.00011, and

Reynolds number is

VD 2.157  0.4
R   6.6  10 5

 1.31  10 6
 Numerical Example

• The Moody diagram gives f=0.014, which is

significantly different from the assumed value. The
energy relationship must be rewriten as follows:

2000 V2
30  (0.5  0.014  1) V  2.87m / sec
0.4 2(9.81)
Here, R=8.76x105 and the Moody diagram gives f
=0.0138, which is close to the previous assumed
value.
 Numerical Example
• The pressure is atmospheric at the downstream
reservoir, and its water surface can be selected as the
reference datum.
• The velocity head at the reservoir can be neglected.
• At 10oC the water vapor pressure head is -10.2 m.
• The energy equation between the summit point S
and the lower reservoir may be expressed as:
V2 L V2
 10.2  hs  0  0  0  ( f  K d )
2g D 2g
Maximum negative pressure head
Elevated Section in a Pipe
 Numerical Example
• The maximum elevation that the pipeline summit, S,
may be raised, hs, is:

L V2 V2
hs  (0  10.2)  (1  f ) 
D 2g 2g
1000 2.87 2
 10.2  [(0.014 ]  24.9m
0.4 2(9.81)
In theory, if the summit is higher than 24.9 m, we need a
pump to help convey the liquid.
 EGL and HGL of a Pumping Station
• Pump operation adds energy to water in the pipeline
by boosting the pressure head.
• The pipeline can be separated into the suction pipe
and the discharge pipe.
• The suction side of the system from the supply
reservoir to the inlet of the pump is subjected to
negative pressure in energy equation.
EGL and HGL of a Pumping Station

Adapted from Fundamentals of Hydraulic

Engineering Systems (Hwang and Hita, 1987)
 EGL and HGL of a Pumping Station

• An energy equation can be written between the supply

reservoir, S, and the receiving reservoir, R, as

HS+HP = HR + hf+ hL HP (or hP or h) = H + hf+ hL

• Where HS and HR are the total energy in unit weight of

water in the supply and receiving reservoirs, respectively.
HP is the energy added by the pump.
• Total Dynamic Head (TDH) = Elevation + Friction loss
Qh p
Horsepower  P  ( BG unit )
550
Qh p
Kilowatts  P  ( SI unit )
1000
 Pump Curve
Qh p
P
550

http://www.zoeller.com/Zep/Techbrief/JF1article.htm
 NPSH

• REQUIRED Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

is a factor designed into a pump and measurable in
the test laboratory.
• It should be considered for providing sufficient
pressure on the pump suction, at the impeller eye,
to prevent "boiling".
• All industrial pumps:
http://www.directindustry.com/
• Case of an industrial pump:
http://www.rothpump.com/chemical.htm