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P
L Soldification
L
begins
TL
L S L+S
Tm
R TS
Q Solidification
S S
complete
Time Time
Microstructural changes during solidification
Pure metal
L
T
L
S
L S
Tm
t
Microstructural changes during solidification
Alloy
L
T
TL
L+S
TS
S
S
t
Construction of a simple phase diagram-
Binary System
(Cu-Ni Equilibrium Phase Diagram)
Conduct an experiment
Take 10 metal samples(pure Cu, Cu-10%Ni, Cu-
20%Ni, Cu-30%Ni………, pure Ni)
Melt each sample and then let it solidify
Record the cooling curves
Note temperatures at which phase
transformations occur
Result
L S L+S
TS Pure Ni
S
TCu S TS S
Cu-20%Ni
Pure Cu
Cu-10%Ni
t
Binary isomorphous phase diagram
Temp L
x x x x TNi
x x x
x
x L+S x
x x
x x
TCu x x x x
x x
Cu
S
Ni
0 100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Cu %Ni Ni
Composition
PHASE DIAGRAMS-Interpretation
• Examples:
A: phase (α)
B: phases (L +α )
Cu-Ni
phase
diagram
PHASE DIAGRAMS: composition of phases
• Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
Examples: system
C0 = 35 wt% Ni
At 1300 C:
Only liquid (L)
CL = C0 (= 35 wt% Ni)
At 1150 C:
Only solid (α)
Cα = C0 (= 35 wt% Ni)
At TB:
Both α and L
CL = Cliquidus (= 32 wt% Ni)
C α = Csolidus (=43 wt% Ni)
PHASE DIAGRAMS: weight fractions of phases
• Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%). Cu-Ni
system
• C0 = 35 wt% Ni
• At 1300 C:
– Only liquid (L)
– WL = 100 wt%, Wα= 0 wt%
• At 1150 C:
– Only solid (α)
– WL = 0 wt%, Wα = 100 wt%
• At TB:
– Both α and L
– WL = S/(R+S) =
(43-35)/(43-32) = 73 wt%
– Wα = R/(R+S) =
(35-32)/(43-32) = 27 wt%
The lever rule 20
THE LEVER RULE:
• A geometric interpretation:
Binary phase Diagram
Liquidus
A
TE B
E
G
Eutectic point
CE
Interpretation
Example : Pb-Sn Introduction of metal B decreases
the melting temp of metal A along
3 Single phase regions the liquidus line AE.
Liquid(L) Addition of metal A decreases the
Solid Soln (α)- A solvent & B- melting temp of metal B along the
solute, line FE.
Solid Soln (β)-A Solute & B Thus two liquidus lines melt at the
solvent point E. (Eutectic Point)
3 Double Phase Regions Corresponding temp (TE) and
α+ L Composition (CE) is know as
β+L eutectic temp and Eutectic
α +β composition.
TE is the minimum temperature at
which the binary system is fully melted.
1.Eutectic reaction
Eutectic temp
Liquid α solid soln + β Solid Soln
Cooling
2.Eutectoid Reaction
g (Austentie)
910 C
b+ g (g +Fe3C)
a+ g TE b
a
E
723 C
A Wt% Carbon B