INTRODUCTION

 The textile industry is one of the largest industries in

the world.
 It is classified into cotton , woolen , and synthetic fibre
sectors.
 The pretreatment , coloration, and after treatment of
these fibers and fabrics usually require ;large amounts
of water and variety of chemicals.
 The environmental problems related to these process
are mostly is a form of water pollution.
Characteristics of textile waste
 Textile effluents are generally grey in color or colored.
 They have a high BOD , COD and high solids and are
high in temperature in some cases.
 Organic waste such as dyes, starches and detergents
are present in textile waste and consume large amount
of oxygen from stream and effect the aquatic animals
life.
 High amount of soluble inorganic salts may make the
stream unsuitable for people use and causes a corrosive
effect on boats and other structures of metals.
 Metals like chromium, and zinc are toxic to aquatic
life.
 Water pollution is caused at all steps of processing
beyond weaving.
 A composite waste from textile industry consist of
starches, dextrins, gums, waxes, glucose, carbonates
and sulfides , sulfates, chlorides CMC, peroxides etc.
Textile wastewater problems
 Some of the in plant measures and ways in which
waste costs may be reduced are given below:
 Reduction of waste volume
 Reduction of process chemicals
 Recovery and reuse of chemicals
 Process modifiction
 Substitution of chemicals
 Good house keeping
 Water conservation
 Treatment of waste
Techniques of effluent treatment
 Dry effluent treatment methods may be classified
broadly into three main categories:
 Primary
 Secondary
 Biological
 There are four stages preliminary, primary, secondary
and tertiary of the treatment processes which differ by
the number of operations performed on the waste
streams.
Preliminary treatment
 These includes
 Equalization
 Neutralization
 And disinfection
Primary stages
 These are mainly physical and include
 Screening
 Sedimentation
 Floatation
 Flocculation
 Aim to remove debris, undissolved chemicals and
particulate matter.
Secondary stages
 These are used to reduce the organic load , which is
essentially is a combination of
 physical or
 chemical separation and
 biological oxidation.
Tertiary stages
 These are important because they serve as polishing of
effluent treatment . These methods are
 Adsorption
 Ion exchange
 Chemical oxidation
 Reverse osmosis
 electrochemical
Chlorine dioxide treatment
 This method have some unique properties, due to the
high level of oxidization state of the chlorine atoms
(+4) which are as
 It bleaches the cellulosic material to a higher
brightness than hypochlorite.
 It has bacterial properties. it in the gas form cannot be
compressed or liquefies safely.
 In liquid form can be handled easily.
Ozone Treatment
 Ozone is sometimes used as a disinfectant in place of
chlorine. fig shows the main components of an ozone
water treatment system.
 Basically, air is filtered , cooled , dried and pressurized,
then subjected to an electrical discharge of approx
20,000 volts. The ozone produced is then pumped into
a contact chamber where water contacts the ozone for
10-15 minutes.
 Ozone is more destructive to viruses than is chlorine.
 A major concern with ozone is the rate at which it
decomposes spontaneously in water , according to the
reaction
 Ozone convert to the oxygen.
 Because of the decomposition of ozone in water, some
chlorine must be added to maintain disinfectant
character throughout the water distribution system.
 Iron in the form of ferrate, a strong oxidizing agent, is
added.
 It has an advantage removing heavy metals, and
phosphates.
Membrane technology
 Membrane separation processes cover an astonishingly
wide range of separations, using different types of
membranes.
 For treatment of textile wastewater, membrane
technologies are specially suitable because they
operate at ambient temperature and thus consume low
energy compared to other separation processes.
 There are five types of membrane separation processes
, for water purification.
 Microfiltration
 Ultrafiltration
 Nanofiltration
 Reverse osmosis
 Electrochemical separation
 All of them separate solutes from a solution based on
their molecular size.
 In all the processes except reverse osmosis, the
separation mechanism is based on the membrane
pore size and the difference in the size between the
solute and solvent.
MICROFILTRATION- this membrane technology is
useful in separating suspended particles upto 0.1
micron or above.
This type of membrane configuration is very useful, as
particle size is large.
ULTRAFILTRATION- this is the size exclusion based
pressure driven membrane separation process.
Ultrafiltration membranes have pore size in range of 10
to 100 angstrom. And capable of retaining species in the
molecular weight range 500 to 5000,000.
Configuration of membrane are –
Flat membrane in plate and frame , tubular, spirally
wound modules and hollow fibre type.
 NANOFILTRATION- the pores of this type of
membranes are smaller in size compared to those of Uf
membranes such that most of the organic compounds
bearing very low molecular weight linear chain
structure are rejected while monovalent cations
combined with monovalent anions to form a
compounds or salts pass through the permeate.
 This property of rejection due to the ionic charges is
made use in the softening of water for various
applications.
Applications of nanofiltration
 Decoloring of effluents and removal of spent mineral
acids
 Removal of heavy metal from effluent stream
containing organic and inorganic acids and bases.
 It can efficiently separate the dye and concentrate it
too.
Reverse osmosis
 Ro is a membrane technology used for separations.
 When more conc solution is separated by a semi permeable
membrane flow of less con solution towards the more conc
solution side takes place due to difference in pressures on
more conc solutions.
 Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology
that uses a semipermeable membrane to
remove ions, molecules and larger particles from drinking
water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to
overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property, that is
driven by chemical potential differences of the solvent.
 The pressure system of RO systems varies from 10 kg/cm2
to 65 kg /cm2
 Reverse osmosis can remove many types of dissolved and
suspended species from water, including bacteria, and is
used in both industrial processes and the production
of potable water. The result is that the solute is retained on
the pressurized side of the membrane and the
pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be
"selective", this membrane should not allow large
molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should
allow smaller components of the solution (such as solvent
molecules) to pass freely.
 Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of
pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar
to other membrane technology applications.
Application of RO in textile effluent
treatment
 The use of reverse osmosis in wastewater treatment is
limited by the high operating costs due to the
problems of contamination of the membranes. In the
case of industrial wastewater, RO is used in those
industries where it is possible to improve the efficiency
of the process by recuperating valuable components
that can be recycled in the production process or
where reuse of the treated water represents an
important reduction in the consumption of water, e.g.
textile industry.
 In the rayon industry process wastewater.
Criteria for designing RO treatment
system
 Step 1: Consider Feed Source, Feed Quality,
Feed/Product Flow and Required Product Quality-The
membrane system design depends on the available feed
water and the application. The system design information
and the feed water analysis should, therefore, be collected
first.
 Step 2: Select the Flow Configuration and Number of
Passes- is usually designed for continuous operation and
the operating conditions of every membrane element in
the plant are constant with time. In certain applications,
however, a batch operation mode is used
 Step 3: Select Membrane and Element Type-
Elements are selected according to feed water salinity,
feed water fouling tendency, required rejection and
energy requirements. The standard element size for
systems greater than 10 gpm (2.3 m3/hr) is 8-inch in
diameter and 40-inch long. Smaller elements are
available for smaller systems.
 Step 4: Select Average Membrane Flux (Design
Flux)-RO systems are usually designed for a specific
permeate flow rate
 Step 5: Calculate the Number of Elements
Needed-Total number of elements needed = (design
permeate flow rate) / (design flux) / (active membrane
surface area of selected element)
 Step 6: Select the Number of Stages-The number of
stages defines how many pressure vessels in series the feed
will pass through until it exits the system and is discharged
as concentrate. Every stage consists of a certain number of
pressure vessels in parallel.
 Step 7: Balance the Permeate Flow Rate-The permeate
flow rate of the tail elements of a system (the elements
located at the concentrate end) is normally lower than the
flow rate of the lead elements. This is a result of the
pressure drop in the feed / brine channel and the increase
of the osmotic pressure from the feed to the concentrate.
The ratio of the permeate flow rate of the lead element and
the tail element can become very high under certain
conditions: High system recovery is advantage of this.
Electrodialysis
 Electro Dialysis (ED) is a membrane process, during which ions
are transported through semi permeable membrane, under the
influence of an electric potential.
 The membranes are cation- or anion-selective, which basically
means that either positive ions or negative ions will flow
through. Cation-selective membranes are polyelectrolytes with
negatively charged matter, which rejects negatively charged ions
and allows positively charged ions to flow through.
 By placing multiple membranes in a row, which alternately allow
positively or negatively charged ions to flow through, the ions
can be removed from wastewater.
 In some columns concentration of ions will take place and in
other columns ions will be removed. The concentrated saltwater
flow is circulated until it has reached a value that enables
precipitation. At this point the flow is discharged.
 This technique can be applied to remove ions from
water. Particles that do not carry an electrical charge
are not removed.
 Cation-selective membranes consist of sulphonated
polystyrene, while anion-selective membranes consist
of polystyrene with quaternary ammonia.
 Sometimes pre-treatment is necessary before the
electro dialysis can take place. Suspended solids with a
diameter that exceeds 10 µm need to be removed, or
else they will plug the membrane pores. There are also
substances that are able to neutralize a membrane,
such as large organic anions, colloids, iron oxides and
manganese oxide. These disturb the selective effect of
the membrane
Ion exchange membranes used in
ED
 The ion exchange membrane should have a high
selectivity for opposite charged ions and a high ion
permeability .
 They should be dimensionally stable and mechanically
strong to be used into a stack.
 The membranes are composed of a polymer matrix
containing fixed negatively charged groups which are
counter balance by liable positively charged cations.
 HDPE, styrene- DVB, PVC , PTFE etc are some of the
material by which membranes are made
Enzymatic decolouration
 It is very effective in decolourization of the textile dye
house effluent.
 Commercial Azo , triarylmethane , anthraquinone and
indigoid textile dyes are decolorised with enzyme
preparations from pleurotus ostreatus, crassa,
polyporous species.
 The substituents on the dye benzene rings influence
enzyme activity and hydroxyl and amino groups
enhance decolouration.
 The enzyme prepared from fungi, eg laccase, are best.
Incineration
 Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves
the combustion of organic substances contained in waste
materials.
 Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment
systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration
of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and
heat.
 The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of
the waste and may take the form of solid lumps
or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must
be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before
they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the
heat generated by incineration can be used to
generate electric power.
Wet air oxidation
 Wet air oxidation (WAO) is a technology used to treat the waste streams which
are too dilute to incinerate and too concentrated for biological treatment.
 It can be defined as the oxidation of organic and inorganic substances in an
aqueous solution or suspension by means of oxygen or air at elevated
temperatures and pressures either in the presence or absence of catalysts.
 According to this method, the dissolved or suspended organic matter is
oxidized in the liquid phase by some gaseous source of oxygen, that may be
either pure oxygen, or air. The usual temperature range, 150–320°C, requires
high pressure to maintain a liquid phase. Typical conditions for WAO are 150–
320°C for temperature, 2–15 MPa for pressure, and 15–120 min for residence
time;
 WAO destroys toxics in industrial wastewater by breaking down complex
molecular structures into simpler components such as water and carbon
dioxide, without emissions of NOx SO2, HCl, dioxins, furans, and fly ash.
Precipitation-:

 Precipitation is the most used way for removing heavy metals which
are highly toxic in nature, up to parts per million (ppm) levels from
water.
 As some metal salts are insoluble in water and which get precipitated
when correct anion is added .
 The forming precipitate can be separated from the water by
sedimentation or filtration the treated water is then decanted and
approximately discharged or used.
 This process is economic in nature.
 Its efficiency is affected by decreasing the pH and the presence of
other salts which are ionic in nature. In this process we add chemicals
to the bath, which results in the formation of a high water content
sludge.
 Precipitation with lime water, ion exchange or disulphide lacks the
specific maturity and is ineffective in removal of the metal.
Adsorption-:

 Adsorption is the process where molecules are concentrated on

the surface of the sorbent. The molecules go from the bulk phase
to being adsorbed in the pores in a semiliquid state.
 The driving force for adsorption is the ratio of the concentration
to the solubility of the compound.
 Adsorption is used widely to remove chromium metals from
waters and industrial wastewaters.
 The increment of concentration at the substrate of any material
is defined as the adsorption .This can be further divided into two
group which are Physical Sorption and Chemisorption.
 Physical adsorption creates weak intermolecular forces while
chemisorptions forms essential chemical bond between the
sorbent molecule and the surface of the adsorbent.
Ion exchange method-:

 Ion exchange is one of the best method used in the

industrial sectors for the removal of heavy metals from
waste water effluents generated in industries. It is costlier
method as compared to the other methods .
 An ion exchanger equipment is capable of exchanging
either cations or anions from the surrounding materials.
 Commonly used matrices for ion exchange are synthetic
organic ion exchange resins.
 The demerits of this method is that it cannot handle
concentrated metal solution as the matrix gets easily fouled
by organics and other solids in the waste water.Ion
exchange is nonselective process and is highly sensitive to
pH of the solution.