Chapter Objectives

 Understand how to measure the stress and strain

through experiments

 Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials

to the stress-strain diagram.

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In-class Activities
1. Check homework, if any
2. Reading Quiz
3. Applications
4. Stress-Strain diagram
5. Strength parameters
6. Poisson’s ratio
7. Shear Stress-strain diagram
8. Concept Quiz

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TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST

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READING QUIZ

1) The modulus of elasticity E is a measure of

the linear relationship between stress and
strain. The common unit is:

a) kN/mm2

b) MPa

c) GPa

d) All of them

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READING QUIZ (cont)

2) The Poisson’s ratio, v of common

engineering materials lies in the range:

a) 0≤v≤1

b) 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.5

c) -1 ≤ v ≤ 1

d) -0.5 ≤ v ≤ 0.5

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APPLICATIONS

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APPLICATIONS (cont)

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STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Note the critical status for strength specification
 proportional limit
 elastic limit
 yield stress
 ultimate stress
 fracture stress

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STRENGTH PARAMETERS
• Modulus of elasticity (Hooke’s Law)

  E
U 1 1 2
Strain energy density, u   u
V 2 2E

• Modulus of Resilience
1  pl
2
1
ur   pl  pl 
2 2 E

• Modulus of Toughness
– It measures the enter area
under the stress-strain diagram

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EXAMPLE 1
The stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used
for making aircraft parts is shown in Fig. 3–19. If a specimen
of this material is stressed to 600 MPa, determine the
permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load
is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before
and after the load application.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately
0.023 mm/mm.

• The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,

450
E  75.0 GPa
0.006

• From triangle CBD,

E
BD 600 106

 
 75.0 109  
CD CD
 CD  0.008 mm/mm

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.

• The permanent strain is

 OC  0.023  0.008  0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)

• Computing the modulus of resilience,

1 1
 ur  initial   pl pl   450 0.006  1.35 MJ/m3 (Ans)
2 2
1 1
 ur  final   pl pl   600 0.008  2.40 MJ/m3 (Ans)
2 2

• Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N •

m.

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POISSON’s RATIO


 long  '
L  lateral 
L

 lat
v
 long

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EXAMPLE 2
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in Fig.
3–22. If an axial force of P = 80kN is applied to the bar,
determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The
material behaves elastically.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• The normal stress in the bar is

P
z  
80 103   16.0 10 6 Pa  
A  0.1 0.05

• From the table for A-36 steel, Est = 200 GPa

 z 16.010 6 
z  
Est 20010 
6
 80 10 6
 mm/mm

• The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

 
 z   z Lz  80106 1.5  120m (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are

 
 x   y  vst  z  0.32 80106   25.6 m/m

• The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

 
 x   x Lx   25.610 6  0.1  2.56m (Ans)
 y   y Ly   25.610  0.  05   1.28m (Ans)
6

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SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Strength parameter G – Shear modulus of elasticity or the
modules of rigidity
• G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s
ratio v.

  G

E
G
2 1  v 

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EXAMPLE 3
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the shear
stress– strain diagram is shown in Fig. 3–25a. Determine the
shear modulus G, the proportional limit, and the ultimate
shear stress. Also, determine the maximum distance d that
the top of a block of this material, shown in Fig. 3–25b, could
be displaced horizontally if the material behaves elastically
when acted upon by a shear force V. What is the magnitude
of V necessary to cause this displacement?

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the
proportional limit is

 pl  360 MPa (Ans)

• This value represents the maximum shear stress, point B. Thus the
ultimate stress is
 u  504 MPa (Ans)

• Since the angle is small, the top of

the will be displaced horizontally by

d
tan  0.008 rad   0.008   d  0.4 mm
50 mm

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is

V V
 avg  ; 360 MPa   V  2700 kN (Ans)
A  75100

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CONCEPT QUIZ

1) The head H is connected to the cylinder of a

compressor using six steel bolts. If the
clamping force in each bolt is 4000N,
determine the normal strain in the bolts.
Each bolt has a diameter of 5 mm. If σy= 280
MPa and Est = 210GPa, what is the strain in
each bolt when the nut is unscrewed so that
the clamping force is released?

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CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

a) 0.970

b) 0.203

c) 0.970(10-3)

d) Insufficient information to
determine because the
stress is beyond yield point

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