SOS HERMANN GMEINER

SCHOOL
Sector-29,Faridabad
Investigatory Project
On “PRESENCE OF OXALATE IONS IN GUAVA”

Submitted by:Deepak Singh

Submitted to:Mr. Jitendra Kumar
Class:12th A
Roll No.:09
 CERTIFICATE
 This is to certify that Deepak Singh of XII-A has
completed project on PRESENCE OF OXALATE IONS IN
GUAVA in chemistry laboratory under my guidance
and supervision has fulfilled the requirements for
submission of their project without creating any
problem or damages to the apparatus.

Mr. Jitendra Kumar Mr. Subrata Kundu

(PGT Chemistry) (Principal)
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 I am very grateful to our Principal Mr.

Subrata Kundu who permitted me to carry
out experiment related to my project in the
school.I express my deep and sincere feeling
of gratitude to my Chemistry teacher Mr.
Jitendra Kumar and lab assistant Mr.
Ramdayal whose constant
encouragement,constructive criticism and
help made the completion of this project
possible.
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 INDEX
S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

I. Objective 5

II. Introduction 6

III. Theory 7

IV. Experiment 1 8-9

V. Experiment 2 10

VI. Experiment 3 11-12

VII. Result 13-14

VIII. Conclusion 15

IX. Bibliography 16
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 OBJECTIVE
 To study the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at
different stages of ripening.

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 INTRODUCTION
 Guava is a common sweet fruit found in India and many other places around the world.
Guavas are plants in the Myrtle family (Myrtaceae) genus Psidium (meaning
"pomegranate" in Latin), which contains about 100 species of tropical shrub. On ripening
it turns yellow in color. Rich in vitamin C, this fruit is a rich source of oxalate ions whose
content varies during the different stages of ripening.Guavas have a pronounced and
typical fragrance, similar to lemon rind but less in strength.
 WHAT IS OXALATE?
It is a carboxylic acid, primarily found in plants and animals. It is not an essential molecule
and is excreted from our body, unchanged. Our body either produces oxalate on its own or
converts other molecules like Vitamin C to oxalate. External sources like food also
contribute to the accumulation of oxalate in our body. The oxalate present in the body is
excreted in the form of urine as waste. Too much of oxalate in our urine results in a medical
condition called hyperoxaluria, commonly referred to as kidney stones. Diet is looked upon
as a preventive measure in addition to medication to treat kidney stones.
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 THEORY
 Oxalate ions are extracted from the fruit by boiling pulp with dilute H2SO4. The oxalate ions
are estimated volumetrically, by titrating the solution with KMnO4 solution. A reagent, called
the titrant, of a known concentration (a standard solution) and
[5e-+8H++MnO4 Mn2++4H2O]*2 volume is used to react with a solution of the analyte or
titrand, whose

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 Experiment -1
 To detect the presence of adulterants in fat, oil and butter.
 REQUIREMENTS
Test-tube, acetic anhydride, conc. H2SO4, acetic acid, conc. HNO3.
 PROCEDURE
Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are paraffin wax,
hydrocarbons, dyes and argemone oil. These are detected as follows :
 (i) Adulteration of paraffin wax and hydrocarbon in vegetable ghee
Heat small amount of vegetable ghee with acetic anhydride. Droplets
of oil floating on the surface of unused acetic anhydride indicates the
presence of wax or hydrocarbons.
 (ii) Adulteration of dyes in fat
Heat 1mL of fat with a mixture of 1mL of conc. sulphuric acid and 4mL of
acetic acid.Appearance of pink or red colour indicates presence of dye in fat.
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 (iii) Adulteration of argemone oil in edible oils
To small amount of oil in a test-tube, add few drops of conc. HNO3 and shake.
Appearance of red colour in the acid layer indicates presence of argemone oil.

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 EXPERIMENT-2
 To detect the presence of adulterants in sugar
 REQUIREMENTS
Test-tubes, dil. HCl.
 PROCEDURE
Sugar is usually contaminated with washing soda and other insoluble substances which
are detected as follows :
 (i) Adulteration of various insoluble substances in sugar
Take small amount of sugar in a test-tube and shake it with little water. Pure sugar
dissolves in water but insoluble impurities do not dissolve.
 (ii) Adulteration of chalk powder, washing soda in sugar
To small amount of sugar in a test-tube, add few drops of dil. HCl. Brisk
effervescence of CO2 shows the presence of chalk powder or washing soda in the given
sample of sugar.

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 EXPERIMENT-3
 To detect the presence of adulterants in samples of chilli powder, turmeric powder and
pepper
 REQUIREMENTS
Test-tubes, conc. HCl, dil. HNO3, KI solution
 PROCEDURE
Common adulterants present in chilli powder, turmeric powder and pepper are red
coloured lead salts, yellow lead salts and dried papaya seeds respectively. They are
detected as follows :
 (i) Adulteration of red lead salts in chilli powder.
To a sample of chilli powder, add dil. HNO3. Filter the solution and add 2 drops of
potassium iodide solution to the filtrate. Yellow ppt. indicates the presence of lead salts in
chilli powder.
 (ii) Adulteration of yellow lead salts to turmeric powder
To a sample of turmeric powder add conc. HCl. Appearance of magenta colour shows
the presence of yellow oxides of lead in turmeric powder.

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 (iii) Adulteration of brick powder in red chilli powder
Add small amount of given red chilli powder in beaker containing water.
Brick powder settles at the bottom while pure chilli powder floats over water.
 (iv) Adulteration of dried papaya seeds in pepper
Add small amount of sample of pepper to a beaker containing water and
stir with a glass rod. Dried papaya seeds being lighter float over water while
pure pepper settles at the bottom.

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 RESULT
EXPT.NO. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE OBSERVATION
1. Adulteration of Heat small amount Appearance of oil
paraffin wax and of floating on the
hydrocarbon in vegetable ghee with surface.
vegetable ghee acetic anhydride.
Droplets of oil
floating on the
surface of unused
acetic anhydride
indicate the
presence of wax
or hydrocarbon.
2. Adulteration of dyes Heat 1mL of fat with Appearance of pink
in fat a colour.
mixture of 1mL of
conc. H2SO4 and
4mL of acid.
3. Adulteration of To small amount of No red colour
argemone oil in oil in a test tube, observed.
edible add few drops of
oils conc. HNO3 & shake. 13 | P a g e
4. Adulteration of Take small amount of Pure sugar dissolves in
various insoluble sugar in a test tube and water but insoluble
substances in sugar shake it with little impurities do not
water. dissolve.
5. Adulteration of chalk To small amount of No brisk
powder, washing soda in sugar in a test tube, add effervescence
sugar a few drops of dil. HCl. observed.
6. Adeulteration of To sample of turmeric Appearance of
yellow lead salts to powder, add conc. HCl. magenta colour.
turmeric powder
7. Adulteration of red To a sample of chilli No yellow ppt.
lead salts in chilli powder, add dil. HNO3.
powder Filter the solution and
add 2 drops of KI
solution to the filtrate.
8. Adulteration of brick Add small amount of Brick powder settles
powder in chilli given red chilli powder at the bottom while
powder in a beaker containing pure chilli powder
water. floats over water.
9. Adulteration of dried Add small amount of Dried papaya seeds
papaya seeds in sample of pepper to being lighter float
pepper beaker containing water over water while
and stir with a glass rod. pure pepper settles
at the bottom.
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 Conclusion
Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for daily life to
make sure that such foods do not cause any health hazard. It is not possible to
ensure wholesome food only on visual examination when the toxic contaminants
are present in ppm level. However, visual examination of the food before purchase
makes sure to ensure absence of insects, visual fungus, foreign matters, etc.
Therefore, due care taken by the consumer at the time of purchase of food after
thoroughly examining can be of great help. Secondly, label declaration on packed
food is very important for knowing the ingredients and nutritional value. It also helps
in checking the freshness of the food and the period of best before use. The
consumer should avoid taking food from an unhygienic place and food being
prepared under unhygienic conditions. Such types of food may cause various
diseases. Consumption of cut fruits being sold in unhygienic conditions should be
avoided. It is always better to buy certified food from reputed shop.

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 Bibliography
 ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2009
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.answers.com
 www.google.com

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