Vocabulary

PARTICLE AND
PREPOSITION

by: Ahmad Zakki Maulana 14320079

Retno Dumilah 14320099
Ferry Sandriya 14320020
4th group
PARTICLE

In grammar, a particle is a function word that must be

associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e.,
does not have its own lexical definition. According to Oxford
Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, Particle is prepositions or adverbs
combining with a verb to make phrasal verb. Here are some of
particles: about, (a) round, at, away, back, down, for, in, into, off,
on, out, over, through, to, up.
PREPOSITION

Preposition is a word that is usually placed before a noun or

pronoun; shows the relationship between the noun or pronoun
and another word in a sentence. Here is:
 Simple Prepositions: in, on, at, about, over, under, off, etc.
 Double Prepositions : without, within, inside, outside, into, beneath, etc.
 Participle Prepositions : during, following, regarding, etc.
DIFFERENTIATION

Particles are identical to prepositions in appearance. In fact, they can

be considered a special type of preposition. But it is worth noting that
particles are very different from prepositions semantically and
grammatically.
A particle along with a verb in a phrasal verb forms a single semantic
unit. A particle combined with a verb produces a new meaning different
from the verb's meaning by itself. Prepositions do not change the meanings
of their proceeding verbs and are independent of them.
Example:
Particle: Max ran up the bill. (run up = to make larger)
Preposition: Max ran up the hill. (run keeps its normal meaning in this case)
DIFFERENTIATION

Some particles are able to move in ways that prepositions cannot.

They can separate from the verb and move around the object.

 Particle : Max ran up the bill.

Max ran the bill up. (correct)
 Preposition : Max ran up the hill.
Max ran the hill up. (incorrect)
DIFFERENTIATION

Particles cannot move in ways that prepositions can. Particles cannot

be moved as a phrase to the front of a sentence or the head of relative
clause. If it makes sense, it is a preposition; not a particle.

sentence Test Make sense?

On the bridge, he will wait.
He will wait on the bridge. (Di atas jembatan, dia Yes
akan menunggu.)
On the guest, he will wait.
He will wait on the guest. [wait on (phrasal verb) ~ No
serve = melayani]
 DIFFERENTIATION
Adverb particles and prepositions (according to Practical English Usage p.19 )
Words like down, in, up are not always prepositions. Compare:
- I ran down the road. - He's in his office.
Please sit down. You can go in.
- Something's climbing up my leg.
She's not up yet.
In the expressions down the road, in his office and up my leg, the words down, in and up are prepositions: they
have objects (the road. his office and my leg).
In sit down, go in and She's not up, the words down, in and up have no objects. They are adverbs, not prepositions.
Small adverbs like these are usually called 'adverb (ial) particles'. They include above, about, across, ahead, along,
(a) round, aside, away, back, before, behind, below, by, down, forward, in, home, near, off, on, out, over, past,
through, under, up. Many words of this kind can be used as both adverb particles and prepositions, but there are
some exceptions: for example back, away (only adverb particles)j /rom, during (only prepositions).
SHORT STORY

I found a box full of letters that dad had sent me all these years in the back of mom’s
closet. Mom kept those letters from me. I thought he never looked after me, mom turned
out to not allow me to talk to him. Yet mom never told me what her reason is. I was eighteen,
yet I did not know where dad was and why he ran away from home. I heard my dad was in
California.
I never talked that matter before, but some day,” mom, may I meet daddy?” I asked. “no,
you cannot” she answered. She said that daddy did not take care of me anymore. I did not
believe in my mom’s answer. I pulled out one of dad’s letters from my pocket, mom was
suddenly furious. “pack your possessions up and leave. If you want to see him then, it’s fine.
But I will not help you. You can do whatever you want, I don’t care anymore. You have two
months until college, and if you want to get back, forget anything about him. I don’t want
anyone to mention his name or anything about him in my house” she said. I, immediately,
left.

Note: : preposition
: particle