EEE 464 Wireless Communication

Dr. Muhammad Zaka Ur Rehman

Department of Physics
COMSATS University Islamabad
Islamabad

EEE 464 Lecture 4

 Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)
• Adjacent channel interference: interference from adjacent in frequency
to the desired signal.
– Imperfect receiver filters allow nearby frequencies to leak into the
passband
– Performance degrade seriously due to near-far effect.

signal on adjacent channel signal on adjacent channel

desired signal

FILTER
interference
interference desired signal

Contents Slide 2
 Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)

• Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through careful

filtering and channel assignment.
• Keep the frequency separation between each channel in a given cell as
large as possible
• A channel separation greater than six is needed to bring the adjacent
channel interference to an acceptable level.

Contents Slide 3
 Traffic Theory

Contents Slide 4
 Common Terms

Contents Slide 5
 Types of Trunk Systems

Contents Slide 6
 Types of Trunk Systems

Contents Slide 7
 Example

Contents Slide 8
 Example

Contents Slide 9
 Example

Contents Slide 10
 Erlang B

Contents Slide 11
 Erlang B

Contents Slide 12
Erlang C

Slide 13
 Capacity Expansion

• Main investment in deploying a cellular network is the cost of

infrastructure, land, base station equipment, switches
installation, interconnection, etc.

• Income is proportional to subscriber base

• Initial installment may not be able to support increasing

subscriber demand

• How can capacity be increased without replicating

deployment?

Contents Slide 14
 Techniques to expand capacity

• Additional spectrum
•Very hard to obtain
•1900 MHz bands for PCS; 700 MHz bands from TV
• Architectural approaches
•Cell splitting
•Cell sectorization
•Reuse partitioning
•Lee’s microcell zone technique
• Changing to digital – TDMA or CDMA
• Dynamic channel allocation

Contents Slide 15
Cells are split to add channels with no new spectrum usage

Split congested cell into smaller

cells.
– Preserve frequency reuse plan.
– Reduce transmission power.

Slide 16
 Cell Splitting increases capacity

(a) 68 macro-cells vs (b) 53 macro-cells plus 57 microcells

Slide 17
 Decreasing the co channel interference - sectorisation

A1
A3
Use directional antennas to A2 A1
reduce interference A3
A2
Radio propagation is focused in
certain directions
A1
A3
A2 A1
A3
A2 A1
A3
A2
Antenna coverage is restricted
to part of a cell called a sector
By reducing interference, the A1

cluster size can be reduced (Js A3

A2 A1
is reduced, and so we can A3
reduce N) A2

Slide 18
 Sectoring improves S/I

Co-channel reuse ratio, S/I for values of N=7 using sectorial structure
N Q S/I [dB] W/N
i=2, j=1 7 4.58 23.42 (120o) W/7/3
i=2, j=1 7 4.58 26.43 (60o) W/7/6
4 4
S Q S Q
(120 ) 
o
(60 ) 
o

I 2 I 1
Slide 19
Sectoring improves S/I

Slide 20
 Continued Example of Erlang B

• Now employing 120° sectoring, there are only 19

channels c per antenna sector (57/3 antennas).
• For the same probability of blocking and average call
length, each sector can handle 11.2 Erlangs or 336 calls
per hour.
• Since each cell consists of three sectors, this provides a
cell capacity of 3 × 336 = 1008 calls per hour, which
amounts to a 24% decrease when compared to the
unsectored case.
• Thus, sectoring decreases the trunking efficiency while
improving the S/I for each user in the system.

MoreThanOneLab Slide 21
 Erlang B

Contents Slide 22
Example: Decrease in trunking efficiency for constant N

Let N = 7, each cell has C = 100 channels, and users who

make calls with = 0.01 per minute with average holding time
3 minutes. For blocked-calls-cleared and a GOS of 2%, what
is the number of users which can be supported in this cell?
Next, using 120 degree sectoring, and otherwise identical
system parameters, what is the number of users which can
be supported in this cell? What percentage reduction in
capacity does sectoring with constant N cause?
• Solution: For C = 100 and GOS= 0.02, from Figure 3.6, I
read A = 99. Thus with Au = 0.01(3) = 0.03, we could
support U = 99/0.03 = 3300.
• For the sectoring case, C = 33.3 in each sector, and from
Figure 3.6, A = 24. So we could support U = 24/0.03 = 800
per sector, or 2400 total in the cell. The number of users
has reduced by 28%.
Slide 23
 Example: Reducing N with sector antennas

For the same system, now assume that with 120 degree
sectoring, that N can be reduced from 7 to 4. What number of
users can be supported?
Solution: Now, the number of channels in each cell goes up
to 100(7/4) = 175. So each sector has C = 58 channels. With
GOS = 2%, from Figure 3.6, A = 48, so U = 1600, for a total
of 4800 users per cell.
This is a 45% increase upon the N = 7 non-sectored cell.

Slide 24
 Summary: Cell sectoring

• The cluster size can be reduced by employing directional

antennas
• Sectoring is better than splitting
– No new base station has to be set up
– No new planning efforts are needed to maintain interference levels

• Sectoring leads to handoff between sectors which increased

signaling load and loss of quality

• A cell cannot be ideally sectored and the signal to interference

values obtained here are optimistic

Slide 25