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THERMODYNAMICS
What is thermodynamic process?
System:
(b) the system also gains 1500 J of heat, but 2200 J of work is done
on the system by surroundings. Determine the change in the
internal energy of the system. Ans: +3700 J
THERMAL PROCESS IN THE
FIRST LAW of
THERMODYNAMICS
4 common thermal processes:
1. ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
2. ADIABATIC PROCESS
3. ISOBARIC PROCESS
4. ISOCHORIC PROCESS
becomes PV = constant.
PV diagram for an ideal gas
undergoing isothermal process
at two different temperature.
Temperature is keep constant, so the internal energy
does not change.
Vf
w nRTln
Vi
So, in isothermal process:
Pi
w nRTln
Pf
The work done by the gas in isothermal process equal
the heat added to the gas
Example: 3
During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed
from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the
process? Ans: -5.0 J
EXAMPLE 4
Two moles, of the monatomic gas argon expand
isothermally at 298 K, from an initial volume of Vi =
0.025 m3 to a final volume of Vf = 0.05 m3. Assuming
that argon is an ideal gas, find ;
a) the change in the internal energy of the gas. Ans: 0 J
b) b) The heat supplied to the gas. Ans: +3434.644 J
ADIABATIC PROCESS
An adiabatic process is one where there is no heat flow
into or out of the system.
ΔQ = 0.
3
u nRT
2
An isobaric process
Q mc
EXAMPLE 6
PV diagram for
adiabatic for different
processes, where the
system changes from A
to B.
1)When the pressure is constant, the work done is
equal to the shaded area is just PB (VB- VA)
When the temperature is constant, the work done is
equal to the shaded area shown in this graph.
EXAMPLE 7
where
s sH sL s H
QH sL
QL
TH TL
Another statement of the second law of
thermodynamics: “The total entropy of an isolated
system never decreases”.
EXAMPLE: 8
Copper
Rod
1200 J
QL = heat
discharged
Example 9