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CRUDE OIL

Crude oil and fractional distillation


OBJECTIVES:

Have a clear understanding of hydrocarbon.

Explain how Crude is extracted offshore.

Explain how the compounds in crude oil can be


separated by fractional distillation.
WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW.
IMPORTANT TERMS
 Crude oil-
IMPORTANT TERMS
 Crude oil- a mixture of a very large number of
hydrocarbon compounds and is made from the
bodies of plants and animals that have decayed
many millions of years ago.
IMPORTANT TERMS
 Crude oil- a mixture of a very large number of
hydrocarbon compounds and is made from the
bodies of plants and animals that have decayed
many millions of years ago.
 Mixture-
IMPORTANT TERMS
 Crude oil- a mixture of a very large number of
hydrocarbon compounds and is made from the
bodies of plants and animals that have decayed
many millions of years ago.
 Mixture- two or more substances NOT chemically
combined together (such as a mixture of sand and
water that can be separated by filtration).
IMPORTANT TERMS
 Crude oil- a mixture of a very large number of
hydrocarbon compounds and is made from the
bodies of plants and animals that have decayed
many millions of years ago.
 Mixture- two or more substances NOT chemically
combined together (such as a mixture of sand and
water that can be separated by filtration).
 Hydrocarbons-
IMPORTANT TERMS
 Crude oil- a mixture of a very large number of
hydrocarbon compounds and is made from the
bodies of plants and animals that have decayed
many millions of years ago.
 Mixture- two or more substances NOT chemically
combined together (such as a mixture of sand and
water that can be separated by filtration).
 Hydrocarbons- compounds in crude oil consist of
molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms
only.
WHERE IS CRUDE OIL FOUND?
WHERE IS CRUDE OIL FOUND?
 Plate tectonics determines the location of oil and gas
reservoirs and is the best key we have to understanding
why deserts and arctic areas seem to hold the largest
hydrocarbon reserves on earth. But there are other
important locations of large reserves: river deltas and
continental margins offshore. Together, these four types of
areas hold most of the oil and gas in the world today.
WHERE IS CRUDE OIL FOUND?
 Plate tectonics determines the location of oil and gas
reservoirs and is the best key we have to understanding
why deserts and arctic areas seem to hold the largest
hydrocarbon reserves on earth. But there are other
important locations of large reserves: river deltas and
continental margins offshore. Together, these four types of
areas hold most of the oil and gas in the world today.
 The deepest oil reservoirs are generally no deeper than
20,000 feet.
WHERE IS CRUDE OIL FOUND?
 Plate tectonics determines the location of oil and gas
reservoirs and is the best key we have to understanding
why deserts and arctic areas seem to hold the largest
hydrocarbon reserves on earth. But there are other
important locations of large reserves: river deltas and
continental margins offshore. Together, these four types of
areas hold most of the oil and gas in the world today.
 The deepest oil reservoirs are generally no deeper than
20,000 feet.

 Crude oil is found on every continent. The largest


producers of oil are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States
and China, but oil is found also in South American
countries, Australia and even Antarctica.
HOW IS CRUDE OIL FORMED?
HOW IS CRUDE OIL FORMED?
Generally;
The geological conditions would eventually create
petroleum formed millions of years ago, when plants, algae,
and plankton drifted in oceans and shallow seas. These
organisms sank to the seafloor at the end of their life cycle.
Over time, they were buried and crushed under millions of
tons of sediment and even more layers of plant debris.
HOW IS CRUDE OIL FORMED?
 The crude oil that has been extracted over the past century
was formed millions of years ago. Some deposits were
formed over 500 million years ago with the newest deposit
being approximately formed over 50 million years ago.
Crude oil was formed from the remains of tiny sea animals
and plants and is therefore a fossil fuel. Small marine
animals and plants that died millions of years ago sunk to
the seabed or ocean floor where they decomposed and
mixed with the sand and silt.
HOW IS CRUDE OIL FORMED?
 The remains of the animals and plants were buried under
layers of sand and silt on the seabed. Due to the lack of
oxygen on the seabed the bacteria feeding on the remains
could not decompose the remains of the animals and plants
completely. The partially decomposed remains overtime
formed into a large mass. This over the course of millions of
years was covered by multiple layers of sand, silt and mud.
HOW IS CRUDE OIL FORMED?
 As the depth of the sediment layers built up so did the
weight of the sand and silt pressing down on the layer of
partially decomposed remains causing it to be compressed
into a thinner layer.
HOW IS CRUDE OIL FORMED?
 Finally, the depth of the layers on top of the buried
partially decomposed layer reaches thousands of meters
and the immense pressure exerted by the weight of these
layers along with the natural heat from the earth results in
the formation of crude oil/petroleum.
HOW IS CRUDE OIL FORMED?
 Whilst the mud and silt layers become heavier the forces
applied causes the bottom layers below the crude oil to turn
into shale.
HOW IS CRUDE OIL FORMED?
 The oil is forced out from its original area of formation and
travels upwards through the cracks and gaps in the shale
formation until it reaches a new impermeable rock
formation called reservoir rock. The oil lays trapped here
until it is discovered and extracted.
HOW IS CRUDE OIL EXTRACTED?
 In some places, petroleum bubbles to the surface of the
Earth. In parts of Saudi Arabia and Iraq, for instance,
porous rock allows oil to seep to the surface in small ponds.
However, most oil is trapped in underground oil reservoirs
and needs to be drilled for.
DRILLING FOR CRUDE OIL
 Drilling can either be developmental, exploratory, or
directional.
 Drilling in an area where oil reserves have already been
found is called developmental drilling.
 Drilling where there are no known reserves is called
exploratory drilling.
 Directional drilling involves drilling vertically to a known
source of oil, then veering the drill bit at an angle to access
additional resources.
DRILLING
 On land, oil can be drilled with an apparatus called an oil
rig or drilling rig. Offshore, oil is drilled from an oil
platform.
DRILLING
Oil Platforms
 Drilling offshore is much more expensive than drilling
onshore.
DRILLING
Oil Platforms
 Drilling offshore is much more expensive than drilling
onshore.
 It usually uses the same drilling techniques as onshore, but
requires a massive structure that can sustain the
tremendous strength of ocean waves in stormy seas.
DRILLING
Oil Platforms
 Drilling offshore is much more expensive than drilling
onshore.
 It usually uses the same drilling techniques as onshore, but
requires a massive structure that can sustain the
tremendous strength of ocean waves in stormy seas.
 The depth of the sea floor determines the type of rig system
to be used offshore.
Depth of Sea Floor Type of Rig System
Shallow waters Submersible rigs
Waters depths of 150m to 300m Jack-up rigs
Deeper waters (up to 2000m) Semi-submersible rigs
Very deep waters Drill ships
LEADING PETROLEUM CONSUMERS AND
PRODUCERS

Leading Petroleum Producers


 1. Saudi Arabia

 2. Russia

 3. United States

 4. Iran

 5. China
LEADING PETROLEUM CONSUMERS AND
PRODUCERS

Leading Petroleum Producers


 1. Saudi Arabia

 2. Russia

 3. United States

 4. Iran

 5. China

Leading Petroleum Consumers


 1. United States

 2. China

 3. Japan

 4. India

 5. Saudi Arabia
DIFFERENT HYDROCARBON –
DIFFERENT BP (BOILING POINT)
 Different hydrocarbons have different numbers of
carbon atoms.
DIFFERENT HYDROCARBON –
DIFFERENT BP (BOILING POINT)
 Different hydrocarbons have different numbers of
carbon atoms.
 The higher the number of carbon atoms the
higher its boiling point.
 Therefore, Longer chain hydrocarbons have a higher
boiling point than shorter ones.
DIFFERENT HYDROCARBON –
DIFFERENT BP (BOILING POINT)
 Different hydrocarbons have different numbers of
carbon atoms.
 The higher the number of carbon atoms the
higher its boiling point.
 Therefore, Longer chain hydrocarbons have a higher
boiling point than shorter ones.

Most importantly: In order for the hydrocarbons in


crude oil to be useful, we have to separate them.
To do this we use a technique called Fractional
Distillation.
VISCOSITY OF HYDROCARBONS
 This simply means thickness of solution.

 For example water has a lower viscosity than


treacle

 Generally the higher the molecular weight


(longer carbon chain) the more viscous the
substance is.

 Bitumen has very long chain molecules and is


very viscous and stick (tar).
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
 Fractional distillation separates a mixture into a
number of different parts, called fractions.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION- HOW IT WORKS.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION- HOW IT WORKS.

The crude oil is


heated to a very high
temperature. This
causes the crude oil to
boil. The
hydrocarbons
evaporate and turn
into a gas.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION- HOW IT WORKS.

The crude vapour is


now fed into the
fractional distillation
column. The column is
hotter at the bottom
and cooler at the top
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION- HOW IT WORKS.

The hydrocarbon
vapours now rise up
the column.
Hydrocarbons
condense (turn back to
a liquid) when they
reach their boiling
point.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION- HOW IT WORKS.

The liquid fractions


are then removed.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION- HOW IT WORKS.

The remaining
hydrocarbons
continue moving up
the column. These
now condense when
they reach their
boiling points
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION- HOW IT WORKS.

Important to
remember: Very long
chain hydrocarbons
have very high boiling
points
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION- HOW IT WORKS.

Important to
remember: Very short
chain hydrocarbons
have very low boiling
points. These do not
condense.
FRACTIONS
Remember we said that Fractional distillation
separates a mixture into a number of different
parts, called fractions.
FRACTIONS

Note Well: Fractions contain hydrocarbons with a


similar number of carbon atoms.
Some fractions are used as:
 Fuels

 Feedstock for the petrochemical industry.


(A feed stock is a chemical that is used to make other chemicals).
Fun Fact: The
Distillation process
consumes 2 barrels of
oil for ever 100 barrel
produced
Stay with me
BOO’S

A SUMMARY OF HOW IT WORKS.
 A tall column is fitted above the mixture, with
several condensers coming off at different
heights.
 The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the
top. Substances with high boiling points condense
at the bottom and substances with low boiling
points condense at the top.
 Fractional distillation works because the
different substances in the mixture have
different boiling points.
KEY POINTS
Key points in explaining fractional distillation:
1. Heat crude oil to make it a gas/vapor
2. Cool to condense
3. Hydrocarbons condense at different
temperatures (boiling points).
KEY POINTS
 A fraction is a set of hydrocarbon molecules of
similar size and similar boiling points

 Different fractions have different uses.

 The petrol fraction and diesel fraction are


key fractions for the oil industry.
HYDROCARBON FUELS
We burn hydrocarbon fuels to release energy.
 Methane

 Propane

 Butane

 Petrol

 Diesel

 Kerosene

 Fuel oil

 + many more
COMBUSTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
 Complete combustion occurs when
there is enough oxygen – for
example when the hole is open on
a Bunsen burner.

 The products of complete


combustion are carbon dioxide and
water.

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O


INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
 Incomplete combustion occurs
when there is not enough oxygen –
for example when the hole is closed
on a Bunsen burner.

 The products of incomplete


combustion include carbon
monoxide and carbon (soot). It is
often called a sooty flame.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PRODUCTS
OF COMBUSTION (COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE).
CARBON DIOXIDE
 Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
 This means it causes by
trapping heat from the sun within the Earth’s
atmosphere.
CARBON MONOXIDE
 Carbon monoxide is an odorless and tasteless
.
 If produced in an enclosed space it can be deadly.
SOOT/SMOKE PARTICLES
 Particles of carbon from incomplete combustion
can be released into the atmosphere.
 This contributes to
OTHER POLLUTANTS
 Sulphur present in fuels burns to produce
sulphur dioxide.

 At high temperatures oxides of nitrogen may also


be formed from nitrogen in the atmosphere.

 These react with water in the atmosphere to form


CLEANING UP
 Undesirable combustion products can be cleaned
from emissions before they leave the chimney by
using a filter or catalytic converter (cars).
THE PROBLEM WITH CRUDE
 Crude oil is a limited resource that will
eventually run out.
 Alternatives are needed and some are already
under development.

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