Relational Data Modeling

Presented By :
Samarth B. Pandya
 What is Normalization

 Normalization is the process of creating an

efficient, reliable, flexible & appropriate relational
structure to storing information.

 In the field of relational

database design, normalization is a systematic way
of ensuring that a database structure is suitable
for general-purpose querying and free of certain
undesirable characteristics—insertion, update, and
deletion anomalies—that could lead to a loss
of data integrity
 Normalization usually involves dividing a database
in to two or more tables and defining relation
between the tables.

 As the relation is created between database tables

it becomes relational database.
What is Relational Database?
 Multiple tables
 Single subject tables
 Relational Joins between tables
 Examples of Relational
Database
• Microsoft Access
• Microsoft SQL Server
• Oracle
 What Constitute the Relational
Database
 Key Fields
 Primary Key
 Foreign Key (Secondary Key)

 Relationships
 One-to-One
 One-to-Many
 Many-to-Many
 Why Use a Relational
Database?

 Eliminates Duplicate Rows.

 Assist in looking up data.
 Simpler to manipulate data.
 To Reduce Disk Space.
 Back to Normalization
 Type Of Normalization

 First Normal Form (1NF)

Second Normal Form (2NF)
Third Normal Form (3NF)
 First Normal Form (1NF)
 Basic Rule
All the columns should be Atomic
Means: No Repeating items in column

Solution:
Make a separate table of each set of
attributes with primary key & foreign key
relationship.
 Second Normal Form (2NF)
 Basic Rule
Every non-key column is fully dependent
on the primary key.
Means: Repeating fields must be
separated in new table
 Third Normal Form (3NF)
 Basic Rule
 In 2NF every non-key column is mutually
independent
Means: Calculations must not be in tables

Solution:
Any type of mathematical calculations must not
be in database, it must be in queries.
What After 3NF??
• BCNF (More restricted version of 3NF)
• 4NF
• 5NF
 Primary Key
 Unique identifier for every row in the table.
 It is the constraint on the table.
 Not Null
 Foreign Key
 Primary Key of the Parent’s table.
 It provide reference between parent & child
table
 Referential Integrity
• Every piece of Primary key & foreign key
data provides referential integrity.

• The major benefits it provides are of Data

integrity such as Cascade delete, cascade
update etc.
 De Normalization
• De normalization is the process of
attempting to optimize the read
performance of a database by adding
redundant data or by grouping data.
Thank you