T-BEAMS

Introduction Principles

Code Design
Requirements Procedure

Sample
Design

END
 Introduction
Rectangular beams are generally cast
monolithically with concrete slab, forming
composite action between the slab and the
beams.

In the positive moment region of a slab-beam

assembly, compression stresses develop in the
slab, while the bottom beam reinforcement is
subjected to tensile stresses.
 Introduction
In such cases, the effective cross section of
the beam has a T-shape consisting of the
rectangular beam as the web and a portion of
the slab as the flange.
 Introduction

Typical T-beam section

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 Principles
T-beams generally possess high compression
because of large area of concrete in the
flange. The neutral axis (N.A.) of a typical T-
beam usually lies in the flange.

When the N.A. is within the flange, the

section behaves as a rectangular section with
a width equal to the flange width.
 Principles
If the tension in reinforcement exceeds the
compression in flange concrete, the N.A. falls
below the flange and the section behaves as a
T-section.
 Principles
Location of Neutral Axis

Rectangular beam formula Rectangular beam formula

applies cannot apply. Use irregular
beam analysis.
The N.A. falls within the flange if
Tf ≥ 1.18ωd/β1
 Principles
Assumptions
It is assumed that the resisting moment is composed of two
separate moments.
1. There is the moment capacity of the rectangular
portion of the concrete, bw times d, and a
corresponding amount of tensile reinforcement.
2. There is the moment capacity of the overhanging
portion of the concrete, (bf – bw)tf, and another
amount of tensile reinforcement.
 Principles
The c/d ratio
One can actually detect (without further computation) when
steel yields once the value of c is known.

Location of Neutral Axis of Various fy

 Principles
Balanced and Maximum Steel Area
If a < tf
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 600
ρb =
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 +600

If a > tf
0.85𝑓𝑐′ [𝐵𝑓 𝑇𝑓 + 𝐵𝑤 (𝑎− 𝑇𝑓 )]
Asb =
𝑓𝑦
 Principles
Minimum Steel Ratio

In checking for maximum ρ

In checking for minimum ρ

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 Code Requirement for T-Beams
Sect. 408.13.1
In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built integrally
or otherwise effectively bonded together.

Sect. 408.13.2
The width of slab effective as a T-beam shall not exceed ¼ of the
span of the beam, and the effective overhanging flange in each side
of the web shall not exceed:
a. 8 times the slab thickness;
b. ½ the clear distance to the next web.
 Code Requirement for T-Beams
Sect. 408.13.3
For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging
flange shall not exceed:
a. 1/12 span length of the beam;
b. 6 times the slab thickness;
c. ½ the clear distance to the next web.

Sect. 408.13.4
Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to provide a flange for
additional compression area shall have a flange thickness not less
than ½ the width of the web and an effective flange width not more
than four times the width of the web.

Tf ≥ Bw/2
Bf ≤ 4Bw
 Code Requirement for T-Beams

Effective Flange Width

For Interior Beam For Exterior Beam For Symmetrical Span
Bf is the smallest of: B’f is the smallest of: Interior Beam
1. Bf = L/4 1. B’f = L/12+B’w Bf is the smallest of:
2. Bf = 16Tf + Bw 2. B’f = 6Tf + B’w 1. Bf = L/4
3. Bf = S1/2+S2/2+Bw 3. B’f = S3/2+B’w 2. Bf = 16Tf + Bw
3. B’f = Center to center
spacing of beams

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 Design Procedures

Steps in Determining the As

with Given Mu and Other
Beam Properties

Steps in Determining Mu with

Given As and Other Beam
Properties
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 Design Procedures
Steel Area Computation
I. Assume that the entire flange is in compression and solve
for Mu1.
Mu1 = Φ0.85f’cBfTf(d-Tf/2)

If Mu1 > Mu, then a < Tf, Proceed to Step II

If Mu1 < Mu, then a > Tf, Proceed to Step III
II. For a < Tf
 Design Procedures
Steel Area Computation
Solve for a and As

Solve for ρmax and compare with

If <ρmax , design is OK

If >ρmax , the beam needs compression steel

Solve for ρmin and compare with

If >ρmin , design is OK

If <ρmin , use ρ = ρmin

As = ρmin Bwd
 Design Procedures
Steel Area Computation
III. For a > Tf

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
Solve for z and As
Solve for ρmin and compare with
If >ρmin , design is OK

If <ρmin , use ρ = ρmin

As = ρmin Bwd
 Design Procedures
Steel Area Computation
Solve for Asmax

0.85𝑓𝑐′ [𝐵𝑓 𝑇𝑓 + 𝐵𝑤 (𝑎− 𝑇𝑓 )]

Asb =
𝑓𝑦

Asmax = X Asb

If As < Asmax ; value is OK

If As > Asmax ; the beam needs compression reinforcement

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 Design Procedures
Mu Computation
I. With fs = fy, compute the area of compression concrete Ac
Area of compression Flange, Af = BfTf
If Ac < Af, then a < Tf, Proceed to Step II
If Ac > Af, then a > Tf, Proceed to Step III
II. For a < Tf
Solve for a, Ac = Bf x a
 Design Procedures
Mu Computation
Verify if steel yields
If fs > fy, then steel yields
If fs < fy, then steel does not yield

III. For a > Tf

Solve for z and verify if steel yields

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2 Back Next
 Design Samples

Design Sample 1

Design Sample 2

Design Sample 3
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to
Main
 Design Samples
Sample 1

Determine the effective flange width for a symmetrical T-

beam with a span of 8 m. the width of web is 300 mm, the
slab thickness is 150 mm and the clear distance to adjacent
beam is 3 m.

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 Design Samples
Sample 2

A reinforced concrete T-beam with Bf = 813 mm, d = 300

mm, Bw = 200 mm, Tf = 102 mm, f’c = 20.7 Mpa and fy = 414
Mpa is to be designed to carry an ultimate moment of 221
KN-m. Determine the required As.

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 Design Samples
Sample 3

A reinforced concrete T-beam has an effective flange width

of 750mm with a slab thickness of 100 mm. The effective
depth is 750 mm and the width of web is 350 mm. The beam
is reinforced with 6325 sq mm of steel with fy = 345 Mpa.
Assuming f’c = 20.7 Mpa, calculate the ultimate moment
capacity.

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 Design Samples
Sample 4
Determine the permissible moment capacity of the T-beam
shown below if f’c=20.7 MPa and fy=345 MPa.

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