Topic:

Khilafat Movement

 Presented to:
Breg Muhammad Saleem
 Presented by:
Hassam Nadeem
Fizza Faiz
Ayesha Shahbaz
Introduction:
 After WorldWar I, the Ottoman Empire faced dismemberment.
 Under the leadership of the Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali
and Maulana Shaukat Ali, the Muslims of South Asia launched the
historic Khilafat Movement to try and save it.
 Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the
Khilafat issue to associate Hindus with the movement. The ensuing
movement was the first countrywide popular movement.
Background:
 During world war 1, Turkey joined the war in favour of
Germany.
 Germany lost the war and a pact commonly known as
Istambul Accord was concluded between the allied
forces on 3rd Nov 1918.
 According to this pact the territories of Turkey were
divided amoung France, Greece and Britain.
The Treaty of severs 1920 was inposed on Turkey and
its territories like Samarna, Thrace and Anatolia were
distriubuted amoung Europian countries.
Muslim Sentiments:
 Muslims had profound respect for their holly places.
 Therefore, they demanded protection for the Holly places of
Turkey and on the condition that Turkey will not to be
deprived of its territories.
 British Government could not fulfill both of these promises.
Reaction of Nation:
 Muslim leaders who reacted against British Government
policy and put behind the bars were
 Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
 Maulana Muhammad Ali
 Maulana Shoukat Ali
 And many others
Aims of Khilafat Movement:
 To maintain the Turkish Caliphate.
 To protect the holy places of the Muslims.
 To maintain the unity of the Ottoman Empire.
Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy:
 Rioting started in Amritsar on April 10, 1919. On April 13,
1919, a crowd assembled at the Jalianwala Bagh.
 These protestors were unaware of a ban that had just been
imposed by the martial law administrators on public
meetings.
 Sir Michael O’Duiyer opened fire on the crowd, resulting in
379 dead and 1,200 wounded. This incident is known as the
Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy.
 Hijrat Movement:
 A tragic offshoot of the Khilafat Movement was the Hijrat
Movement proposed by Jamiyat-al-Ulema-i-Hind.
 When a land is not safe for Islam, a Muslim has two options;
Jihad or Hijrat.
 Around 925 eminent Muslims signed this fatwa. According
to one version, the idea of Hijrat was originated from
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
Migration to Afghanistan:
 In the NWFP and Sindh, hundreds of families sold their land
and property and departed in the direction of the Khyber
Pass, to migrate to Afghanistan, a brotherly independent
Muslim state.
 Under the hypnotism of Mr. Gandhi, In the month of
August alone, some 18,000 Indian Muslims migrated to
Afghanistan. Afghanistan, a poor country, was unable to
absorb so large an influx of population and sealed its borders.
It is difficult to establish who was responsible for misleading
such a large number of Muslims.
Institutional Reform:
 It was the first countrywide popular movement. Gandhi
accompanied by the Ali brothers undertook a nationwide
tour. About 90,000 students left government schools and
colleges and joined around 800 national schools and colleges
which cropped up during this time.
 These educational institutions were organised under the
leadership of Acharya Narendra Dev, C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat
Rai, Zakir Hussain, Subhash Bose (who became the principal
of National College at Calcutta) and included Jamia Millia at
Aligarh, Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth and Bihar
Vidyapeeth.
 Many lawyers gave up their practice, some of whom were
Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Raja-
gopalachari, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Vallabhbhai Patel, Asaf Ali, T.
Prakasam and Rajendra Prasad.
 Heaps of foreign cloths were burnt publicly and their imports
fell by half. Picketing of shops selling foreign liquor and of
toddy shops was undertaken at many places. Tilak Swaraj
Fund was oversubscribed and one crore rupees collected.
Congress volunteer corps emerged as the parallel police.
 In July 1921, the Ali brothers gave a call to the Muslims to
resign from the Army as that was unreligious. The Ali
brothers were arrested for this in September. Gandhi echoed
their call and asked local Congress committees to pass similar
resolutions to that effect.
 Now, the Congress gave a call to local Congress bodies to
start civil disobedience if it was thought that the people were
ready for it. Already, a no-tax movement against union board
taxes in Midnapore (Bengal) and in Guntur (Andhra) was
going on.
 In Assam, strikes in tea plantations, steamer services, Assam-
Bengal Railways had been organised. J.M. Sengupta was a
prominent leader in these strikes.
 In November 1921, the visit of the Prince of Wales to India invited
strikes and demonstrations.
 The spirit of defiance and unrest gave rise to many local struggles
such as Awadh Kisan Movement (UP), Eka Movement (UP),
Moppila Revolt (Malabar) and the Sikh agitation for the removal of
mahants in Punjab.
Failure of the Movement:
The abolition of Khilafat by Kamal Ataturk was a serious blow
on Khilafat movement in the sub-continent.
 He exiled Sultan Abdul Majeed and abolished Khilafat as an
institution.
 Due to this all agitational activities came to an end in the Sub-
continent.
 The Hijrat Movement made the Muslims disillusioned with
the Khilafat Movement due to the declaration of India as
Darul-Harab.
 A large number of Muslims migrated from Sindh and
N.W.F.P to Afghanistan.
 The Afghan authorities did not allow them to cross the
border.
 After this tragic event those who had advocated the Hijrat
movement come to realize their mistake which resulted in
failure of movement.
 When Khilafat movement reached its climax, a tragic
incident took place in the village of Chora Churi in which
the police opened fire on the procession of local resident.
 The agitated mob in counteraction set the police station on
fires which in result twenty one police constables were burnt
alive.
 Due to this incident the Ali brother and other Muslim leader
were arrested and Mr. Gandhi put off the movement.
 As a consequence the movement lost its intensity.
Impact of Khilafat Movement:
 The Khilafat Movement was a great Muslim struggle which
provided dynamic leadership to the Muslims.
 It established foundations to launch further Muslim Freedom
movement on stable and firm basis.
 It confirmed to the Muslims that the Hindu mind can never
be sincere to the Muslims.
 The Khilafat Movement developed a sense of concern
amongst the Muslims about their national matters.
 The Khilafat Movement immensely strengthened the Two-
Nation Theory which became the basis of establishment of
Pakistan.
Conclusion:
 The Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims
were two different nations.
 They could not continue the unity and could not live
together.
 The Khilafat Movement created political consciousness
among the Indian Muslims.
 Thus, they started Pakistan Movement.