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INTERNET
The process of connecting separate networks is called
“internetworking”.
Connected
universities and
defense bases
1973 – ARPANET
connects to
Europe
The Internet’s History
Mid-1980s – NSFNet
Network between supercomputers.
Internet was the link to ARPANET.
No commercial traffic was allowed.
Then link between ARPANET, NSFnet and other networks
was called Internet.
1990s
ARPANET was shut down.
NSFNet was abandoned.
Commercial networks took over.
The system that has been created as a tool for surviving a
nuclear war found its way into businesses and homes.
The Internet’s Major Services
The Internet acts as a carrier for several different services, each with its own
distinct features and purposes . The most commonly used Internet
services are:
The World Wide Web
Electronic mail
News
File Transfer Protocol
Chat
Instant messaging
Online services
Peer-to-peer services
To use any of these services, you need a computer that is connected to the
Internet in some way. Most individual users connect their computer’s
modem to a telephone line (or use a high-speed connection such as DSL or
a cable modem) and set up an account with an Internet service provider
(ISP), a company that provides local or regional access to the Internet
backbone. Many other users connect to the Internet through a school or
business network.
The Internet’s Major Services
The World Wide Web (also known as the Web or
WWW) was created in 1989 at the European Particle
Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, as a method
for incorporating footnotes, figures, and cross-
references into online documents.
It requires a browser to read documents
It is a collection of millions of documents, all stored in
different places, but all linked together in some
manner, you might imagine them creating a “web” of Millions of
interconnected information. If you extend that documents and their
collection of documents and their links to cover the links create a web of
information that
entire globe, you have a “world-wide web” of reaches around the
information. world.
Many people believe that the Web and the Internet are
the same thing, but this is not correct. In fact, they are
two different things. The Web is a service (a system for
accessing documents) that is supported by the Internet
(a gigantic network).
The Internet’s Major Services
Electronic mail (e-mail)
Instantaneous transmission of documents
News
Often called newsgroups
Electronic discussions on several topics
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Sends and receives files
The Internet’s Major Services
Chat
Public real time conversation
Instant messaging
Private real time conversation
Peer-to-peer services
Allows sharing of files among users
Napster and Kazaa are examples
Illegal to share copyrighted material
Accessing The Internet
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Company that provides Internet access
Dialup
Connects to Internet through phone line
Modem connects to the phone line
Slow connection
High-speed access
Connect through a special line
2 – 25 times faster than dialup
DSL, Cable, T1 are common
How the Web Works
The Web connects documents. Web documents can be linked
together because they are created in a format known as
hypertext.
Hypertext systems provide an easy way to manage large
collections of data, which can include text files, pictures,
sounds, movies, and more.
Hypertext creates links between documents
Documents are stored on a web server
Hyperlinks
E.g. Consider the URL for a page at the Library of Congress Web site, which
contains information about the Library’s collection of permanent exhibits
This is an example of a typical Web site. The user can click one of the
hyperlinked text lines or images to jump to a different location in the same
site, or to a different site.
An example: How names are translated to address
for the Internet
Procedure: The name from the destination is typed into the computer and
forwarded (step 1) into the network. The message is forwarded to the Domain
Name Server (step 2) which sends out a message to the country server (step 3),
and forwards it on through the hierarchy of names until the complete address is
found. When it finally gets to a DNS server that knows the destination's
address, the last DNS server returns the address to the original DNS server
(step 7).
Using a Browser And The WWW
Browser starts on the home page Type a URL here, and then p
In other words, a Web site’s owner can pay a search engine to place
the site at the top of the list of search results. These purchased listings
are called sponsored links, and they have become the subject of
some controversy.
Sponsored links have become controversial because they are not
always most relevant to the user’s needs.
Many high-volume Web sites feature built-in search tools of their own, enabling
you to look for information on the Web site you are currently visiting.
Sites such as Microsoft Corporation (http://www.microsoft.com), CNN
(http://www.cnn.com), Netscape Communications http://www.netscape.com),
and many others feature such tools.
Suppose, for example, you are visiting the Microsoft Web site and want to
find information about Flight Simulator, which is a popular Microsoft game.
Instead of jumping from one page to another looking for information, you
can click in the Search box, type the words Flight Simulator, and click the
Go button. The site’s search engine displays a list of pages on the Microsoft
site that are related to Flight Simulator.
ONLINE SERVICES
ONLINE SERVICES
An online service is a company that offers access, generally on a subscription
basis, to e-mail, discussion groups, databases on various subjects (such as weather
information, stock quotes, newspaper articles, and so on), and other services ranging
from electronic banking and investing to online games.
Online services also offer access to the Internet, functioning as an ISP to their
subscribers.
The most popular online services are America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy.
In addition to Internet access, online services offer other features that typical ISPs do
not. For example, America Online has become famous for its casual chat rooms, and
CompuServe is probably best known for its discussion forums geared to technically
oriented users.
These activities do not take place on the Internet, where everyone can access them.
Rather, these services are provided only for the subscribers of the online services.
Discussion groups hosted by online services are often monitored by a system
operator, or sysop, who ensures that participants follow the rules. Users
typically pay by the month for a subscription that allows them to use the service for
a limited number of hours per month; they may pay by the hour for additional time,
if needed. Subscriptions with unlimited hours are also available.
Users of online services can exchange email messages not only
with one another, but with anyone else who has an e-mail
account on the Internet.
Security Measures
1. Online Services sometimes "time out" after a specified period of inactivity. This
prevents curious persons from continuing your Online Service session if you left
your computer unattended without logging out.
2. It is always recommended that user sign off (log out) when done online service
(banking, e-mail etc).
3. It is important to verify that only authorized persons log into Online Service. This
is achieved by verifying user password. When user submit their password, it is
compared with the password stored in online service provider’s secure data center.