INTERNET

INTERNET
 The process of connecting separate networks is called
“internetworking”.

 Internet is referred to as ‘Networks of Networks”.- a global

communications system that links together thousands of individual
networks.

 As a result, virtually any computer on any network can communicate

with any other computer on any other network.

 These connections allow users to exchange messages, to communicate

in real time (seeing messages and responses immediately), to share
data and programs, and to access limitless stores of information.
 THE INTERNET’S HISTORY
 1969 – ARPANET
 Developed by the
Department of
Defense

 Connected
universities and
defense bases

 1973 – ARPANET
connects to
Europe
 The Internet’s History
Mid-1980s – NSFNet
 Network between supercomputers.
 Internet was the link to ARPANET.
 No commercial traffic was allowed.
 Then link between ARPANET, NSFnet and other networks
was called Internet.

1990s
 ARPANET was shut down.
 NSFNet was abandoned.
 Commercial networks took over.
 The system that has been created as a tool for surviving a
nuclear war found its way into businesses and homes.
 The Internet’s Major Services
The Internet acts as a carrier for several different services, each with its own
distinct features and purposes . The most commonly used Internet
services are:
 The World Wide Web
 Electronic mail
 News
 File Transfer Protocol
 Chat
 Instant messaging
 Online services
 Peer-to-peer services

To use any of these services, you need a computer that is connected to the
Internet in some way. Most individual users connect their computer’s
modem to a telephone line (or use a high-speed connection such as DSL or
a cable modem) and set up an account with an Internet service provider
(ISP), a company that provides local or regional access to the Internet
backbone. Many other users connect to the Internet through a school or
business network.
 The Internet’s Major Services
 The World Wide Web (also known as the Web or
WWW) was created in 1989 at the European Particle
Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, as a method
for incorporating footnotes, figures, and cross-
references into online documents.
 It requires a browser to read documents
 It is a collection of millions of documents, all stored in
different places, but all linked together in some
manner, you might imagine them creating a “web” of Millions of
interconnected information. If you extend that documents and their
collection of documents and their links to cover the links create a web of
information that
entire globe, you have a “world-wide web” of reaches around the
information. world.
 Many people believe that the Web and the Internet are
the same thing, but this is not correct. In fact, they are
two different things. The Web is a service (a system for
accessing documents) that is supported by the Internet
(a gigantic network).
The Internet’s Major Services
Electronic mail (e-mail)
 Instantaneous transmission of documents
News
 Often called newsgroups
 Electronic discussions on several topics
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Sends and receives files
The Internet’s Major Services
Chat
 Public real time conversation
Instant messaging
 Private real time conversation
 Peer-to-peer services
 Allows sharing of files among users
 Napster and Kazaa are examples
 Illegal to share copyrighted material
 Accessing The Internet
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 Company that provides Internet access
Dialup
 Connects to Internet through phone line
 Modem connects to the phone line
 Slow connection
High-speed access
 Connect through a special line
 2 – 25 times faster than dialup
 DSL, Cable, T1 are common
 How the Web Works
 The Web connects documents. Web documents can be linked
together because they are created in a format known as
hypertext.
 Hypertext systems provide an easy way to manage large
collections of data, which can include text files, pictures,
sounds, movies, and more.
 Hypertext creates links between documents
 Documents are stored on a web server

 To support hypertext documents, the Web uses a special

protocol, called the hypertext transfer protocol, or HTTP.
HTTP delivers documents
 A hypertext document is a specially encoded file that uses the
hypertext markup language, or HTML. This language
allows a document’s author to embed hypertext links—
also called hyperlinks or just links—in the document.
 HTTP and hypertext links are the foundations of the World
Wide Web.
 Hypertext Markup Language
 Creates web pages
 Describes how pages should look Hypertext systems, such as the Web, let you view a document an
other data that might be linked to that document. Here, a Web
 Content enclosed in tags
page is being viewed in a browser and a video is being viewed in
 <tag>content</tag> media player. The video started playing automatically then the
user clicked a link on the Web page.
Using Hyperlinks
 A hyperlink is simply a part of the Web
page that is linked to a URL.
 A hyperlink can appear as text, an image,
or a navigational tool such as a button or
an arrow. You can click a hyperlink and
“jump” from your present location to the
URL specified by the hyperlink.
These g
 Hyperlinked text usually looks different
hyperlin
from normal text in a Web page: it is often and act
navigat
underlined, but can be formatted in any
number of ways.
 Many Web pages also provide
hyperlinked pictures or graphical buttons
— called navigation tools—that direct
you to different pages, making it easier to
find the information you need. If you click the hyperlinked text, the The mouse pointer
browser will open the page with the on hyperlinked text
URL shown on the status bar.
 WEB PAGE/ WEBSITE
 A hypertext document are more commonly called a Web
page. Web pages are used to distribute news, interactive
educational services, product information, catalogs,
highway traffic reports, and live audio and video, among
many others.
 Web pages permit readers to consult databases, order
products and information, and submit payment with a
credit card or an account number.

 A collection of related Web pages is called a Web site.

Web sites are housed on Web servers, Internet host
computers that often store thousands of individual pages.
 Copying a page onto a server is called publishing the
page, but the process also is called posting or uploading.
This an example of a typical Web site. The user can click one of the hyperlinked text lines or
images to jump to a different location in the same site, or to a different Site.

Hyperlinks

When the user clicks

the “About the
Supreme Court”
hyperlink, a new Web
page opens in the
browser Window.
 Understanding The Internet
 BROWSERS: A Web browser (or browser) is a software application
designed to find hypertext documents on the Web and then open the
documents on the user’s computer.
 Read and translate the HTML
 Display web content
 A point-and-click browser provides a graphical user interface that
enables the user to click hyperlinked text and images to jump to
other documents or view other data.
 Today, the most popular graphical Web browsers are Microsoft’s
Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator
 URLs: Uniform Resource Locator
 The hypertext transfer protocol uses Internet addresses in a special
format, called a uniform resource locator, or URL.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) provides the address of a web page.

 URLs look like this:

type://address/path
 In a URL, type specifies the type of server in which the file is located,
address is the address of the server, and path is the location within
the file structure of the server. The path includes the list of folders
where the desired file (the Web page itself or some other piece of data)
is located.

 Because URLs lead to specific documents on a server’s disk, they can

be extremely long; however, every single document on the World Wide
Web has its own unique URL.
 The parts of a typical URL

E.g. Consider the URL for a page at the Library of Congress Web site, which
contains information about the Library’s collection of permanent exhibits
This is an example of a typical Web site. The user can click one of the
hyperlinked text lines or images to jump to a different location in the same
site, or to a different site.
An example: How names are translated to address
for the Internet

Every computer (host or router) in the Internet has a

Name.
The name is usually given to a device by its owner.
Internet names are actually hierarchical, and look rather
like postal addresses.
For example, the name quote.yahoo.com directs it to the
server for stock price quotes (quote).
The company it is in is called yahoo. The organization is
com (for commercial) and it is in the United States (us).
The Internet calls this the Domain Name System (DNS).
 An example: How names are translated to address
for the Internet

Procedure: The name from the destination is typed into the computer and
forwarded (step 1) into the network. The message is forwarded to the Domain
Name Server (step 2) which sends out a message to the country server (step 3),
and forwards it on through the hierarchy of names until the complete address is
found. When it finally gets to a DNS server that knows the destination's
address, the last DNS server returns the address to the original DNS server
(step 7).
 Using a Browser And The WWW
 Browser starts on the home page Type a URL here, and then p

 Navigating the web

 Enter a URL in the browser
 Click a link, Links are typically blue
underlined words.
 Store the URL in your browser’s
Favorites list, then select the URL
from the list. (If you use Netscape
Navigator, this list is called
Bookmarks.)
The URL’s page appears in the brows
 When finished, close the browser
SEARCHING ON THE WEB
 SEARCH TOOLS:
The two most basic and commonly used Web-
based search tools are
1. Directories. A directory enables you to
search for information by selecting
categories of subject matter.
 The directory separates subjects into general
categories (such as “companies”), which are
broken into increasingly specific subcategories
(such as “companies—construction—
contractors—builders and designers”).
 After you select a category or subcategory, the
directory displays a list of Web sites that
provide content related to that subject.
 The LookSmart directory at
Http://www.looksmart.com is shown.
 SEARCH TOOLS:
2. Search Engines. A search engine lets you
search for information by typing one or
more words.
 The engine then displays a list of Web pages that
contain information related to your words. (This
type of look-up is called a keyword search.) Any
search engine lets you conduct a search based on
a single word.
 Most also let you search for multiple words, such
as “scanner AND printer.”
 Many search engines accept “plain English” Note that both types of search
phrases or questions as the basis for your search, tools are commonly called
such as “movies starring Cary Grant” or “How do search engines.
cells divide?”
 E.g. The Google search engine at
http://www.google.com
 Searching the Web
The Searching on the Web is unorganized as:
 Directories
 Categorize the Internet
 Search engines
 Find sites by keyword
 Site searches
 Large sites have an internal search
 Metasearch sites
 Search several web sites at once
 Sponsored links
 Sites pay for better search results
 Search Techniques
Quote the exact phrase
Use the keyword AND
Use the keyword NEAR
Avoid common words
Use the site’s advanced tools
Using a Directory
1. Launch your Web browser.
2. In the Address box, type
http://www.looksmart.com and
press ENTER. The LookSmart home
page opens in your browser window.
3. On the LookSmart home page,
click the Computing category. A
new page opens, displaying a list of
subcategories under Computing.

4. Click the Hardware subcategory. A third page appears, displaying a list of

subcategories under Hardware.
5. Choose Peripherals | Input Devices | Digital Cameras | Guides & Directories. A
new page appears listing sites that provide information about buying digital cameras .
6. 6. Browse through the list of Web sites and click one. The new site opens in your
browser window. After reviewing it, you can use your browser’s Back button to navigate
back to the list of buyers’ guides to choose another Web site.
Using a Search Engine
1. Launch your Web browser.
2. In the Location/Address bar, type http://www.lycos.com and
press ENTER. The Lycos home page opens in your browser
window. (Lycos is just one example of a Web search engine.)
3. In the Search text box, type “ink jet printer” (include the
quotation marks) and click the Search button. A new page
appears, listing Web pages that contain information relating to
ink jet printers.
4. To narrow the search results, you must provide more specific
search criteria. Click in the Search text box and type “ink jet
printer” “color” (again, including the quotation marks); then
click the Search button. Another page appears, listing a new
selection of Web sites that match your keywords.
5. The preceding examples showed quotation marks (“”)
surrounding some keywords. Many search engines require you to
place quotation marks around multiple-word phrases. The marks
tell the engine to treat the words as a phrase (“ink jet printer”),
rather than as individual words (“ink,” “jet,” “printer”).
Using a Metasearch Engine

 In addition to the tools described in the preceding sections, another

type of Web-based search engine is also popular. These sites,
called metasearch engines.
 These use multiple search engines simultaneously to look up sites
that match your keywords, phrase, or question.
 Examples of metasearch engines include Mamma (
http://www.mamma.com) and Dogpile (http://www.dogpile.com).
 Metasearch engines are helpful if you are not certain which
keywords to use or if you want to get a very long list of Web sites
that meet your search criteria.
Sponsored versus Nonsponsored Links
 A growing number of Web search engines allow Web sites to pay for
preferential listings.

 In other words, a Web site’s owner can pay a search engine to place
the site at the top of the list of search results. These purchased listings
are called sponsored links, and they have become the subject of
some controversy.
 Sponsored links have become controversial because they are not
always most relevant to the user’s needs.

 They are a way for search engines to generate revenues.

 Some search engines display sponsored links in a special way—

putting them in boxes or separate lists—so users can identify them.
 Using Site-
Specific
Search Tools

Many high-volume Web sites feature built-in search tools of their own, enabling
you to look for information on the Web site you are currently visiting.
 Sites such as Microsoft Corporation (http://www.microsoft.com), CNN
(http://www.cnn.com), Netscape Communications http://www.netscape.com),
and many others feature such tools.
 Suppose, for example, you are visiting the Microsoft Web site and want to
find information about Flight Simulator, which is a popular Microsoft game.
Instead of jumping from one page to another looking for information, you
can click in the Search box, type the words Flight Simulator, and click the
Go button. The site’s search engine displays a list of pages on the Microsoft
site that are related to Flight Simulator.
ONLINE SERVICES
 ONLINE SERVICES
 An online service is a company that offers access, generally on a subscription
basis, to e-mail, discussion groups, databases on various subjects (such as weather
information, stock quotes, newspaper articles, and so on), and other services ranging
from electronic banking and investing to online games.
 Online services also offer access to the Internet, functioning as an ISP to their
subscribers.
 The most popular online services are America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy.
 In addition to Internet access, online services offer other features that typical ISPs do
not. For example, America Online has become famous for its casual chat rooms, and
CompuServe is probably best known for its discussion forums geared to technically
oriented users.
 These activities do not take place on the Internet, where everyone can access them.
Rather, these services are provided only for the subscribers of the online services.
 Discussion groups hosted by online services are often monitored by a system
operator, or sysop, who ensures that participants follow the rules. Users
typically pay by the month for a subscription that allows them to use the service for
a limited number of hours per month; they may pay by the hour for additional time,
if needed. Subscriptions with unlimited hours are also available.
Users of online services can exchange email messages not only
with one another, but with anyone else who has an e-mail
account on the Internet.
 Security Measures
1. Online Services sometimes "time out" after a specified period of inactivity. This
prevents curious persons from continuing your Online Service session if you left
your computer unattended without logging out.

2. It is always recommended that user sign off (log out) when done online service
(banking, e-mail etc).

3. It is important to verify that only authorized persons log into Online Service. This
is achieved by verifying user password. When user submit their password, it is
compared with the password stored in online service provider’s secure data center.

4. Encryption: This technology scrambles the data relating to your account to

ensure that your information cannot be read by anyone else. Encryption is a
process that involves changing a string of letters and numbers into a code that is
unrecognizable to anybody else who should try to gain access to your personal
details.
 Security Measures
5. Customer number cookie: A cookie is a small piece of data sent by online
service provider’s computer to user’s so that information can be recalled. When
users are signing on to Online services, they will see an option asking whether or
not to install a cookie to remember user’s customer number. If user request 'Please
remember my customer number,' a cookie will be stored on the computer user is
using and user’s customer number will be inserted automatically each time they
sign on to the site. If user do not want to accept the cookie, the customer number
will not be stored. Each time user sign in, user will be asked to type in the
customer number. It is recommended that the cookie is used on the personal
computer only.
6. Transactions you initiate online are received by our Online Web servers, which
then route your transaction through firewall servers. Firewall servers act as a traffic
cop between segments of our Online Service network used to store information,
and the public Internet.
7. Sending E-mail : Do not send confidential information such as social security or
account numbers to anyone via an unsecured e-mail. Such communications should
be sent via postal mail.
 Security Measures
Improved security measures
 Before 1998, Web security was nonexistent
 Now safer than restaurant purchases
 All reputable sites protect their customers

Secure web pages

 Allows safe transmission of credit card
 Use the secure socket layer (SSL)
Encrypts data transmission to the server

 Secure pages are easily identified

URL uses https://
Browser status bar shows a closed lock
 Security Measures
SECURE PAGES