Hydrostatic Transmission

Hydraulic Transmission Thursday, December 20, 2018
HYDROSTATIC
TRANSMISSION
1
BENEFITS OF HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION
HSTs offer many important advantages over other forms

of power transmission. Depending on its configuration,
an HST:
 transmits high power in a compact size
 exhibits low inertia
 operates efficiently over a wide range of torque-to-speed
ratios
Thursday, December 20, Hydraulic Transmission 2

 maintains controlled speed (even in reverse) regardless
of load, within design limits
 maintains a preset speed accurately against driving or
braking loads

 can transmit power from a single prime mover to multiple
locations, even if position and orientation of the locations
changes
 can remain stalled and undamaged under full load at low
power loss
 does not creep at zero speed
 provides faster response than mechanical or
electromechanical transmissions of comparable rating,
and
 can provide dynamic braking

INTEGRAL PARTS OF A HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT
A hydraulic circuit consists of a:
 Hydraulic motor
 Hydraulic pump
 hydraulic gadgets like valves, filters, high-pressure
hoses, metal tubing, hydraulic fluid reservoir etc.

HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
 Hydraulic fluids are used to transmit power in

hydraulic equipment and power transmission
applications.
 Most industrial hydraulic oil and transmission
fluids consist of petroleum or mineral oils, oil-water
emulsions, synthetic lubricants, or water-glycol
mixtures.

 High water content fluids (HWCF) and high water base
fluids (HWBF) are used in applications where the leakage
of a flammable fluid is likely to cause ignition. Wax,
paraffin and stearate compounds are well-suited for anti-
corrosive and anti-static applications.

HYDRAULIC FLUID PROPERTIES
 Hydraulic oil and transmission fluids vary in terms

of kinematic viscosity, operating temperature, pour
point, boiling point, and flash point.
 Kinematic viscosity becomes important for the flow
through capillary tubes.
 Operating and boiling point temperature becomes
important for stability of the fluid.
 Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a
liquid produces sufficient vapors to form an
ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the
liquid and as such defines the susceptibility of a
liquid to catch fire.
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
 Good Lubricity
A hydraulic system has various components that
contain surfaces that are in close contact and move
in relation to each other. A good hydraulic fluid must
protect against wear and separate and lubricate
such surfaces.

 Stable Viscosity
Viscosity is a vital fluid property that varies with
temperature and pressure. Fluids having large changes
of viscosity with temperature are commonly referred as
low viscosity index fluids and those having small changes
of viscosity with temperature are known as high viscosity
index fluids. A hydraulic fluid must have a stable viscosity
over the range of operating temperatures and as such
should have a high viscosity index.

 Chemical and Physical Stability
The characteristics of a fluid should remain unchanged
during an extended useful life. Since many aspects of
stability are chemical in nature, the temperatures to
which the fluid will be exposed is an important criterion
in the selection of a hydraulic fluid.

 System Compatibility
The hydraulic fluid should be inert to materials used
in or near the hydraulic equipment. If the fluid in
anyway attacks, destroys, dissolves or changes parts
of the hydraulic system, the system may lose its
functional efficiency and may start malfunctioning.
 Good Heat Dissipation
Pressure drops, mechanical friction, fluid friction,
leakages, all generate heat. The fluid must carry the
generated heat away and readily dissipate it to the
atmosphere or coolers.

 Flash Point
The flash point of a hydraulic oil is defined as the
temperature at which flashes will be generated
when the oil is brought into contact with any
heated matter. Flash point of the fluid must be
above the operating temperature.
 Fire Resistant
The hydraulic liquids are petroleum derivatives and
thus for critical applications, artificial or synthetic
hydraulic fluids are used which have high fire
resistances. Various grades of fluids with high
water content are also available nowadays for oil
hydraulic systems.
 Prevent Rust Formation
Moisture and oxygen cause rusting of iron parts in the
system that can lead to abrasive wear of system
components and also act as catalyst to increase the rate
of oxidation of the fluid. Fluids with rust inhibitors
minimize rust formation in the system.
 Low Coefficient of Expansion
The hydraulic fluid should have a low coefficient of
expansion to minimize the total volume of the system
required at the operating temperature.

 Low in Volatility
The fluid should posses low vapor pressure or high
boiling point characteristic. The vapor pressure of a fluid
varies with temperature and hence the operating
temperature range of the system is important in
determining the suitability of the fluid.

A SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
/ Motor

HYDRAULIC MOTORS
 Hydraulic motors make use of fluid pressure for driving
mechanical loads.
 A hydraulic motor cannot function as an isolated unit like
an electric motor does.
 A hydraulic pump supplies the motive power for its
operation.

 The pump draws hydraulic fluid from the reservoir and
supplies it under pressure to the hydraulic motor linked
mechanically to the workload. The pump receives
mechanical power for its operation through a prime
mover that is either an internal combustion engine or an
electric motor.

 After going through the hydraulic motor, the hydraulic
fluid is returned to the reservoir, filtered, and reused as
required. Hydraulic motors are fluid power actuators
capable of delivering linear or rotary motion depending
on their design.
 They are fast becoming popular for a variety of technical
applications. Due to their inherent advantages they are
being preferred to replace electrical motors or systems
incorporating complex mechanical linkages.

 Compared to electric motors, which deliver only
rotational power and must be sized to suit the load
application, hydraulic motors are much smaller in
size even when the application involves heavy
loads.
 In a heavy electromechanical system a big electric
motor needs to be directly located on the motion
axis which may not be always feasible. It would also
require a continuous supply of electricity usually
from an external source.

BENEFITS OF HYDRAULIC MOTORS
 Smaller size: A relatively small hydraulic motor is required
as compared to an electric motor for the same
application.
 No space constraint: Hydraulic motor can be placed with
ease and connected to a pump located remotely within
the system through an arrangement of high-pressure
flexible hoses that can be conveniently routed.

 Hydraulic motors delivering rotary power are mainly
of two types and are classified on torque and
rotational speed.
 HSLT ( High Speed Low Torque)
 LSHT (Low Speed High Torque) motor.
 The LSHT motor can have a speed range from 0.1
to 1000 revolutions per minute whereas HSLT
motor speeds can range from 1000 to 5000
revolutions per minute.

 The size advantage can be gauged from the fact that the
size of a 5hp hydraulic motor will be roughly that of a 350
ml can. In addition, there would be very low level noise
and vibration generation and much higher efficiency.
 HSLT and LSHT hydraulic motors are available in different
types namely:
 Piston,
 Gear and
 Vane type

Axial piston motors
 The axial piston motor is of the 'swashplate type' and
has a bank of cylinders arranged in a circle (360
degrees) parallel to each other. Each cylinder has a
piston, which reciprocates with one end of the piston
pushing against an eccentric swash-plate located at
one end of the bank of cylinders. There is a
mechanical arrangement through which the eccentric
plate is connected to an output shaft that is axially
aligned with the cylinders.

During motor operation, the cylinders are filled with high-
pressure hydraulic fluid in a particular sequence
making the pistons move outwards to push
sequentially against the swash-plate causing it to
rotate. On the return stroke of the piston the fluid is
swept back at low pressure to return to a reservoir.
The operation imparts rotational movement to the
output shaft, of which one end is connected to the
swash-plate and other to the workload. This is a
design that caters to a very compact cylindrical
hydraulic motor. Most axial hydraulic motors are
HSLT.

AXIAL PISTON TYPE MOTOR

Radial piston motors
 A radial piston hydraulic motor has a bank of
cylinders with a series of pistons riding on cams
along a camshaft, which is attached to the output
shaft. The reciprocating movement of the pistons
gives rotary movement to the camshaft/output shaft
that is tapped for power. In another variation
cylinders are arranged radially with the pistons
moving inwards to push against a cam located in
center causing it to rotate. These motors are generally
used as wheel motors
RADIAL PISTON TYPE MOTOR

 Gear type hydraulic motors can be classified as
internal gear or 'gerator' type and external gear
motors.
 Gerator motors are very quiet in operation and
designed to transmit rotary power through an
output shaft connected to a rotor moving inside an
outer stator. Supply of hydraulic fluid under
pressure makes the rotor move eccentrically along
the inner periphery of the stator.

 An external gear hydraulic motor has a set of meshing
gears enclosed in a sealed housing have passages
supply and return of hydraulic fluid. pressure from the
pump. This fluid exerts force of the vanes to make them
move like fan blades. This action results in rotating the
output shaft, which is tapped for power.

 Pressurized hydraulic fluid flowing into the housing
has an action on the gear teeth and makes the gears
rotate. The rotational movement of the gears is
transmitted to the workload through an output shaft
connected to the rotating gears and passing through
the motor housing.
 Vane type hydraulic motors have movable vanes
connected to a centrally located output shaft. The
whole arrangement is enclosed in a housing/ case
that receives hydraulic fluid under

HYDRAULIC MOTOR APPLICATIONS
Hydraulic motors are mainly used in heavy earth moving

equipment like excavators, skids, forklifts, heavy dumper
trucks, bulldozers etc. where hydraulic cylinders extend
and retract as vital operational parts while the machine
performs various work. These cylinders are hydraulic
motors transmitting linear power.

 Due to the high torque at low speeds, loaders and other
construction equipment use heavy hydraulic motors to
drive the wheels for moving the machines around.
 There is one motor for each wheel and the diesel engine
is used to drive the pump, which deliver hydraulic fluid to
the motors.

 Due to the very heavy loads when the motor stalls,
the building pressure inside the supply circuit of
the hydraulic operates a pressure relief valve
preset to a specific pressure to return the supply of
the fluid back to the reservoir. It also triggers a
mechanism to reverse the direction of rotation to
release the load and free the machine after which
normal rotational direction is resumed. An electric
motor would either trip or burn out.

 Compact and extremely efficient, small hydraulic motors
can be used for various machining operations like boring,
reaming, drilling etc. Due to their small size they are tools
of choice for applications like:
 Dynamite blast hole pump drive
 Fan drives
 Drill and tap machine tool
 Conveyor drives

MOTOR PROBLEMS
The majority fall into these categories:
 Improper fluid — The motor is no different than any
of the other components of the hydraulic system—it
must have clean fluid, in adequate supply, and of
the proper quality and viscosity.
 Poor maintenance — A poor maintenance program
runs a close second in the cause of major
problems. Typical slips in a program include:
 failure to check and repair lines and connections to
stop leaks; faulty connections can allow dirt and air
into the system, lower pressure, and cause erratic
operation.
 failure to install the motor correctly. Motor shaft
misalignment can cause bearing wear which can
lead to lost efficiency. A misaligned shaft also can
reduce the torque, increase friction drag and
heating, and result in shaft failure.
 Improper operation — Exceeding a motor’s
operating limits promotes motor failure. Every
motor has design limitations on pressure, speed,
torque, displacement, load, and temperature.
Excessive pressure can generate heat because of
motor slippage, and can cause the motor to exceed
torque limits. Excessive speed can cause heating
and can cause wear of bearings and other internal
parts.
 Excessive torque can cause fatigue and stress to
bearings and the motor shaft, especially on applications
that require frequent motor reversing. Excessive load can
create bearing and shaft fatigue. And finally, excessive
temperature can cause loss of efficiency because the oil
becomes thinner, and can produce rapid wear because
of lack of lubrication.

HYDRAULIC PUMPS
 Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement pumps i.e.
They cause a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of
it then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the
discharge pipe.

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Hydraulic Pumps
Gear Gerotor Rotary Screw Bent Axis Axial Radial Peristaltic

Pumps pumps Vane pumps pumps Piston Piston pumps
pumps pumps pumps

GEAR PUMPS
 Gear pumps with external teeth are fixed
displacement. They are simple and economical
pumps. The swept volume or displacement of gear
pumps for hydraulics will be between about 1 cm3
(0.001 litre) and 200 cm3 (0.2 litre). These pumps
create pressure through the meshing of the gear
teeth, which forces fluid around the gears to
pressurize the outlet side. Some gear pumps can be
quite noisy, compared to other types, but modern
gear pumps are highly reliable and much more
efficient than older models.

GEAR PUMP (WITH EXTERNAL TEETH)

EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP

GEAR PUMP (WITH INTERNAL TEETH)

INTERNAL GEAR (GEROTOR) PUMP

GEAR PUMPS
 As the gears rotate they separate on the intake
side of the pump, creating a void and suction
which is filled by fluid. The fluid is carried by the
gears to the discharge side of the pump, where the
meshing of the gears displace the fluid. The
mechanical clearances are small—on the order of a
thousandth of an millimeter (micrometres). The
tight clearances, along with the speed of rotation,
effectively prevent the fluid from leaking
backwards.
 The rigid design of the gears and housing allow for
very high pressures and the ability to pump highly
viscous
Thursday, December fluids.
20, Hydraulic Transmission 46
APPLICATIONS
 External gear pumps are the most common type of

pump for hydraulic power applications. This is
because of their simplicity, reliability, and very high
power ratings. A typical 10 hp (7 kW) gear pump
may fit into a 100 by 100 by 100 mm envelope, a
fraction of the size of a comparable electric motor.
Maximum operating pressures are between 1000
and 4000 psi (7 and 28 MPa, 70 - 280 bar). Many
commercial models are designed to operate as
either a motor or pump.
 Internal gear pumps perform better at lower
speeds and with higher viscosity fluids than
external gear pumps. Engine oil pumps are usually
internal
Thursday, gear designs. Hydraulic Transmission
December 20, 47
GEROTOR PUMPS
 The gerotor pump is a variation of internal gear
pump.
 The name gerotor is derived from "Generated
Rotor". A gerotor unit consists of an inner and outer
rotor. The inner rotor has N teeth, and the outer
rotor has N+1 teeth. The inner rotor is located off-
center and both rotors rotate. During part of the
assembly's rotation cycle, the area between the
inner and outer rotor increases, creating a vacuum.

 This vacuum creates suction, and hence, this part of the
cycle is where the intake is located. Then, the area
between the rotors decreases, causing compression.
During this compression period, fluids can be pumped, or
compressed (if they are gaseous fluids).

 Gerotor pumps are generally designed using a trochoidal
inner rotor and an outer rotor formed by a circle with
intersecting circular arcs.
 A gerotor can also function as a motor. High pressure gas
enters the intake area and pushes against the inner and
outer rotors, causing both to rotate as the area between
the inner and outer rotor increases. During the
compression period, the exhaust is pumped out.

ROTARY VANE PUMP

 A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that
consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside
of a cavity. In some cases these vanes can be variable
length and/or tensioned to maintain contact with the
walls as the pump rotates.
 simplest vane pump is a circular rotor rotating inside
of a larger circular cavity. The centers of these two
circles are offset, causing eccentricity. Vanes are
allowed to slide into and out of the rotor and seal on
all edges, creating vane chambers that do the
pumping work.

 On the intake side of the pump, the vane chambers
are increasing in volume. These increasing volume
vane chambers are filled with fluid forced in by the
inlet pressure. On the discharge side of the pump,
the vane chambers are decreasing in volume,
forcing fluid out of the pump. The action of the
vane drives out the same volume of fluid with each
rotation.
 The pumps are used for automatic transmission
and power steering.
 They have higher efficiencies than gear pumps, but
are also used for mid pressures up to 180 bars in
general.
SCREW PUMPS

 Screw pumps (fixed displacement) are a double
Archimedes spiral, but closed. This means that two
screws are used in one body. The pumps are used for
high flows and relatively low pressure (max 100 bar). The
advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of
these pumps; the efficiency is not that high.

BENT AXIS PUMP
 Bent axis pumps (axial piston pumps using the bent axis
principle) have the best efficiency of all pumps. Although
in general the largest displacements are approximately
one litre per revolution, if necessary a two liter swept
volume pump can be built. Often variable displacement
pumps are used, so that the oil flow can be adjusted
carefully. These pumps can in general work with a
working pressure of up to 350 bars

AXIAL PISTON PUMP
 Axial piston pumps using the swash plate principle have
a quality that is almost the same as the bent axis model.
They have the advantage of being more compact in
design. The pumps are easier and more economical to
manufacture; the disadvantage is that they are more
sensitive to oil contamination

RADIAL PISTON PUMP
 Radial piston pumps (fixed displacement) are used
especially for high pressure and relatively small flows.
Pressures of up to 650 bar are normal. In fact variable
displacement is not possible, but sometimes the pump is
designed in such a way that the plungers can be
switched off one by one, so that a sort of variable
displacement pump is obtained.

TORQUE CONVERTERS
 A torque converter is a modified form of fluid

coupling that is used to transfer rotating power
from a prime mover to a rotating driven load.
 Difference in fluid coupling and torque converter is
that the former is incapable of multiplying the
torque whereas the latter is capable of increasing
the torque.

 In a torque converter there are at least three rotating
elements: the pump, which is mechanically driven by the
prime mover; the turbine, which drives the load; and the
stator, which is interposed between the pump and
turbine so that it can alter oil flow returning from the
turbine to the pump.
 The stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch, which
prevents the stator from counter-rotating with respect to
the prime mover but allows for forward rotation.

OPERATION
A torque converter has three stages of operation:

 Stall: The prime mover is applying power to the
pump but the turbine cannot rotate. For example,
in an automobile, this stage of operation would
occur when the driver has placed the transmission
in gear but is preventing the vehicle from moving by
continuing to apply the brakes.

 At stall, the torque converter can produce maximum
torque multiplication if sufficient input power is applied
The stall phase actually lasts for a brief period when the
load (e.g., vehicle) initially starts to move, as there will be
a very large difference between pump and turbine speed.

 Acceleration: The load is accelerating but there still is a
relatively large difference between pump and turbine
speed. Under this condition, the converter will produce
torque multiplication that is less than what could be
achieved under stall conditions. The amount of
multiplication will depend upon the actual difference
between pump and turbine speed, as well as various
other design factors.

 Coupling: The turbine has reached approximately 90
percent of the speed of the pump. Torque multiplication
has essentially ceased and the torque converter is
behaving in a manner similar to a plain fluid coupling. In
modern automotive applications, it is usually at this
stage of operation where the lock-up clutch is applied, a
procedure that tends to improve fuel efficiency.

 The key to the torque converter's ability to multiply torque
lies in the stator. In the classic fluid coupling design,
periods of high slippage cause the fluid flow returning
from the turbine to the pump to oppose the direction of
pump rotation, leading to a significant loss of efficiency
and the generation of considerable waste heat.

 Under the same condition in a torque converter,
the returning fluid will be redirected by the stator
so that it aids the rotation of the pump, instead of
impeding it. The result is that much of the energy
in the returning fluid is recovered and added to the
energy being applied to the pump by the prime
mover. This action causes a substantial increase in
the mass of fluid being directed to the turbine,
producing an increase in output torque.

 Since the returning fluid is initially traveling in a direction
opposite to pump rotation, the stator will likewise attempt
to counter-rotate as it forces the fluid to change direction,
an effect that is resisted by the one-way stator clutch.

 During the stall and acceleration phases, in which
torque multiplication occurs, the stator remains
stationary due to the action of its one-way clutch.
However, as the torque converter approaches the
coupling phase, the energy and volume of the fluid
returning from the turbine will gradually decrease,
causing pressure on the stator to likewise
decrease.

 Once in the coupling phase, the returning fluid will
reverse direction and now rotate in the direction of the
pump and turbine, an effect which will attempt to
forward-rotate the stator. At this point, the stator clutch
will release and the pump, turbine and stator will all
(more or less) turn as a unit.

FLUID COUPLING
 fluid couplings work on the hydrodynamic principle. It

consists of a pump-generally known as impeller and a
turbine generally known as rotor, both enclosed suitably
in a casing.
 The impeller and the rotor are bowl-shaped and have
large number of radial vanes. They face each other with
an air gap. The impeller is suitably connected to the
prime mover while the rotor has a shaft bolted to it. This
shaft is further connected to the driven machine
through a suitable arrangement.

 Oil is filled in the fluid coupling from the filling plug
provided on its body. A fusible plug is provided on the
fluid coupling which blows off and drains out oil from the
coupling in case of sustained overloading.

FLUID COUPLING

OPERATING PRINCIPLE
 There is no mechanical interconnection between

the impeller and the rotor (i.e. the driving and
driven units) and the power is transmitted by virtue
of the fluid filled in the coupling. The impeller when
rotated by the prime mover imparts velocity and
energy to the fluid, which is converted into
mechanical energy in the rotor thus rotating it.
 The fluid follows a closed circuit of flow from
impeller to rotor through the air gap at the outer
periphery and from rotor to impeller again through
the air gap at the inner periphery.
FLUID COUPLING
 To enable the fluid to flow from impeller to rotor it is

essential that there is difference in the "head"
between the two and thus it is essential that there is
difference in R.P.M., known as slip between the two.
Slip is an important and inherent characteristic of a
fluid coupling resulting in several desired
advantages.

 As the slip increases more and more fluid can be
transferred from the impeller to the rotor and more
torque is transmitted. However when the rotor is at
standstill, maximum fluid is transmitted from the
coupling. The maximum torque is limiting torque. The
fluid coupling also acts as a torque limiter.

FLUID COUPLING MOUNTED ON A PRIME MOVER

BENEFITS OF FLUID COUPLING
 fluid coupling has centrifugal characteristics during
starting, thus enabling no load start-up of prime mover,
which is of great importance.
 The slipping characteristics of fluid coupling provides a
wide range of choice of power transmission
characteristics which also result in speed variation,
smooth & controlled acceleration, clutching and
declutching operations and other characteristics of load
limiting shock & peak load absorption and dampening
etc.

 By varying the quantity of oil filled in the fluid coupling,
the normal torque transmitting capacity can be varied.
The maximum torque of the fluid coupling can also be set
to a pre-determined safe value by adjusting the oil filling.
 The fluid coupling has the same characteristics in both
directions of rotation.

HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS
 A hydraulic accumulator is an energy storage device. It is
a pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible
hydraulic fluid is held under pressure by an external
source. That external source can be a spring, a raised
weight, or a compressed gas.
 The main reasons that an accumulator is used in a
hydraulic system are so that the pump doesn't need to be
so large to cope with extremes of demand, so that the
supply circuit can respond more quickly to any temporary
demand and to smooth pulsations.

TYPES OF ACCUMULATORS
 A raised weight accumulator consists of a vertical

cylinder containing fluid connected to the hydraulic
line. The cylinder is closed by a piston on which a
series of weights are placed that exert a downward
force on the piston and thereby energizes the fluid in
the cylinder. In contrast to compressed gas and spring
accumulators, this type delivers a nearly constant
pressure, regardless of the volume of fluid in the
cylinder, until it is empty. (The pressure will decline
somewhat as the cylinder is emptied due to the
decline in weight of the remaining fluid.)
 A compressed gas accumulator consists of a cylinder
with two chambers that are separated by an elastic
diaphragm, a totally enclosed bladder, or a floating
piston. One chamber contains hydraulic fluid and is
connected to the hydraulic line. The other chamber
contains an inert gas under pressure (typically
nitrogen) that provides the compressive force on the
hydraulic fluid. Inert gas is used because oxygen and
oil can form an explosive mixture when combined
under high pressure. As the volume of the
compressed gas changes the pressure of the gas,
and the pressure on the fluid, changes inversely.
 A spring type accumulator is similar in operation to the
gas-charged accumulator above, except that a heavy
spring (or springs) is used to provide the compressive
force. According to Hooke's law the magnitude of the
force exerted by a spring is linearly proportional to its
extension. Therefore as the spring compresses, the force
it exerts on the fluid is increased.

 The metal bellows accumulators function similarly to the
compressed gas type, except the elastic diaphragm or
floating piston is replaced by a hermetically sealed
welded metal bellows. Fluid may be internal or external to
the bellows.

 The advantages to the metal bellows type include
exceptionally low spring rate, allowing the gas charge to
do all the work with little change in pressure from full to
empty, and a long stroke relative to solid (empty) height,
which gives maximum storage volume for a given
container size. The welded metal bellows accumulator
provides an exceptionally high level of accumulator
performance, and can be produced with a broad
spectrum of alloys resulting in a broad range of fluid
compatibility.

 Another advantage to this type is that it does not face
issues with high pressure operation, thus allowing more
energy storage capacity.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE
 An accumulator is placed close to the pump with a non-
return valve preventing flow back to it. In the case of
piston-type pumps this accumulator is placed in the best
place to absorb pulsations of energy from the multi-
piston pump. It also helps protect the system from fluid
hammer. This protects system components, particularly
pipework, from both potentially destructive forces.

 An additional benefit is the additional energy that can be
stored while the pump is subject to low demand. The
designer can use a smaller-capacity pump. The large
excursions of system components that require a
considerable volume of fluid can also benefit from one or
more accumulators. These are often placed close to the
demand to help overcome restrictions and drag from long
pipework runs. The outflow of energy from a discharging
accumulator is much greater, for a short time, than even
large pumps could generate.

 An accumulator can maintain the pressure in a system
for periods when there are slight leaks without the pump
being cycled on and off constantly. When temperature
changes cause pressure excursions the accumulator
helps absorb them. Its size helps absorb fluid that might
otherwise be locked in a small fixed system with no room
for expansion due to valve arrangement.

Hydraulic Transmission Thursday, December 20, 2018
TRANSMISSION IN A HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
90

Hydrostatic Transmission

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Hydraulic Transmission Thursday, December 20, 2018

HSTs offer many important advantages over other forms

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 Hydraulic fluids are used to transmit power in

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 Hydraulic oil and transmission fluids vary in terms

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Hydraulic motors are mainly used in heavy earth moving

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Gear Gerotor Rotary Screw Bent Axis Axial Radial Peristaltic

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 External gear pumps are the most common type of

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 A torque converter is a modified form of fluid

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A torque converter has three stages of operation:

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