Heat and Mass Transfer E R G Eckert and R M Drake PDF

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
Mohammad Goharkhah
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sahand Unversity of Technology,
Tabriz, Iran
CHAPTER 3- PART4
LAMINAR BOUNDARY
LAYER FLOW
Approximate Solutions- Integral
Method
Introduction
When we use approximate solutions?
 when an exact solution is not available or can not be easily obtained.
 when the form of the exact solution is not convenient to use. Examples
include solutions that are too complex, implicit or require numerical
integration.
Integral Method
 The integral approach to solving the boundary layer equations is an
important piece of analysis developed by Prandtl’s disciples Pohlhausen
(doctoral student) and von K´arm´an (postdoc) in the first decades of this
century.
 In the integral method, we look at the definitions of τ and h and recognize
that what we need is not a complete solution for the velocity u(x,y) and
temperature T(x,y) near the wall, but only the gradients ∂(u,T)/∂y evaluated
at y = 0. Because the y > 0 variation of u and T is not the most relevant to
evaluating τ and h, we have the opportunity to simplify the boundary layer
Equations by eliminating y as a variable.
SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING By: M. Goharkhah
Introduction
Applications
The integral method is used extensively in fluid flow, heat transfer
and mass transfer.
Because of the mathematical simplifications associated with this
method, it can deal with such complicating factors as turbulent flow,
temperature dependent properties and non-linearity.

Differential vs. Integral Formulation
•A differential element measuring dx×δ is

•A differential element measuring dx ×dy
selected. (infinitesimal in x but finite in y).
is selected.
• The three basic laws are formulated for
•The three basic laws are formulated for
this element. The resulting equations
this element. The resulting equations thus
satisfy the basic laws for an entire cross
apply to any point in the region and the
section δ and not at every point.
• Solutions to these equations satisfy the
•Solutions to this type of formulation are
basic laws exactly.
approximate in the sense that they do not
satisfy the basic laws at every point.
A key simplification in integral method is a reduction in the number of independent
variables. For example, for two-dimensional problems, instead of solving a PDE, one solves
an ODE in integral formulation.
Procedure
• (1) Integral formulation of the basic laws (principles of conservation
of mass, momentum and energy.)
• (2) Assumed approximate velocity and temperature profiles which

satisfy known boundary conditions. An assumed profile can take on
different forms. However, a polynomial is usually used in Cartesian
coordinates. An assumed profile is expressed in terms of a single
unknown parameter or variable which must be determined.
• (3) Determination of the unknown parameter or variable.

Substituting the assumed velocity profile into the integral form of
conservation of momentum and solving the resulting equation gives the
unknown parameter. Similarly, substituting the assumed velocity and
temperature profiles into the integral form of conservation of energy
yields an equation whose solution gives the unknown parameter in the
temperature profile.

Accuracy of the Integral Method
• Since an assumed profile is not unique (several forms are
possible), the accuracy of integral solutions depends on the
form of the assumed profile.
• In general, errors involved in this method are acceptable in
typical engineering applications.
• The accuracy is not very sensitive to the form of an assumed
profile.
• While there are general guidelines for improving the
accuracy, no procedure is available for identifying assumed
profiles that will result in the most accurate solutions.
• An assumed profile which satisfies conditions at a boundary
yields more accurate information at that boundary than
elsewhere.

Integral Formulation of the Basic
Laws
Integral Formulation of Conservation of Mass
boundary layer flow over a curved porous surface
P is wall porosity

Integral Formulation of Conservation of Momentum


• (1) Fluid entering the element through the porous surface

has no axial velocity. Therefore it has no x-momentum.
• (2) There is no shearing force on the slanted surface since
the velocity gradient at the edge of the boundary layer
vanishes, i.e. Əu(x, δ ) / Əy ~0 .
• (3) The equation applies to laminar as well as turbulent
flow.
• (4) Since the porous surface is curved, the external flow
velocity and pressure vary along the surface.
• (5) The effect of gravity is neglected.
• (6) Although u is a function of x and y, once the integrals are
evaluated one obtains a first order ordinary differential
equation with x as the independent variable.

Conservation of Momentum- Special Cases
Case 1: Incompressible fluid
Boundary layer approximation: The x-momentum equation for boundary layer flow
At the edge of the boundary layer

Conservation of Momentum- Special Cases
Case 2: Incompressible fluid and impermeable flat plate.
At the edge of boundary layer flow the fluid is assumed inviscid

Integral Formulation of Conservation of Energy

Heat conduction at the porous

surface is determined using Mass entering the element
Fourier’s law from the external flow is at
the free stream temperature
Energy convected
with fluid flow
within the boundary
layer
Special Case: Constant properties and impermeable flat plate
Setting P = 1 and assuming constant density and specific heat

Laws- The Second Approach
Integral Formulation of the Basic Laws- The
Second Approach
The Integration formulations can be obtained by integrating the
boundary layer equations term by term from y = 0 to y = Y, where
Y > max(δ,δT) is situated in the free stream.

Second Approach
Integrating above equations from y = 0 to y = Y and using Leibnitz’s integral formula yields
Because the free stream is uniform, we note that (∂/∂y)Y = 0, uY= U∞, and TY = T∞

Second Approach
The wall is impermeable, v0 = 0
We evaluate vY by performing the same integral on the continuity equation

Laws- Examples
1- Uniform Flow over a Semi-Infinite Plate- Flow
Field Solution
Assume a velocity profile

Blasius laminar flow problem
For laminar flow over a flat plate, a polynomial is a

reasonable representation of the velocity profile
The coefficients are determined using the known exact and approximate boundary
conditions on the velocity

1- Uniform Flow over a Semi-Infinite Plate- Flow
Field Solution
(1) The second and third conditions are approximate since

the edge of the boundary layer is not uniquely defined.
(2) Condition (4) is obtained by setting y= 0 in the x-

component of the Navier equations of motion .
Thus the assumed velocity is expressed in terms of the unknown variable δ(x).
This variable is determined using the integral form of the momentum equation

Compare above results with:

Important Notes
• (1) The integral and Blasius solutions for δ(x) and

Cf have the same form.
• (2) The constant 5.2 in Blasius solution for δ(x)
differs by 10.8% from the corresponding integral
solution of 4.64. However, it must be kept in mind
that the constant in Blasius solution for δ (x) is not
unique. It depends on how δ(x) is defined.
• (3) The error in Cf is 2.7%.
• (4) Predicting Cf accurately is more important than
predicting δ(x) .

2- Boundary layer flow over a semi infinite
plate- Temperature Distribution
A leading section of the plate of length xo is insulated and the
remaining part is at uniform temperature .
Of interest is the determination of the thermal boundary layer
thickness, local heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number.
Since the velocity field is independent of temperature, the integral
solution for the velocity and boundary layer thickness obtained
previously is applicable to this case.

Assume a temperature profile
For laminar flow over a

flat plate a polynomial is Note that the second and
a reasonable third conditions are
representation for the approximate since the edge of
temperature profile. the thermal boundary layer is
not uniquely defined.
The fourth condition is
obtained by setting y=0 in the
energy equation

Eliminating δ(x) in the above gives a first order ordinary differential

equation for δt(x)
.

For Prandtl numbers greater than unity
the thermal boundary layer is smaller
than the viscous boundary layer

Nusselt Number

Special Case: Plate with no Insulated Section
The solution to this case is obtained by

setting xo =0 in the more general case of a
plate with a leading insulated section.
Thermal boundary layer thickness, heat

transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number are
obtained by settig x0=0

Comparison with Pohlhausen’s results
For the limiting case of Pr = 1, δt / δ= 1.
Setting Pr=1 in
This has an error of 2.5%.
We examine next the accuracy

of the local Nusselt number
For Pr>10 Pohlhausen’s solution is
integral solution
error 2.4%.

2- Laminar Boundary Layer Flow over a Flat
Plate: Uniform Surface Temperature
Linear velocity and
temperature profiles
Momentum Equation

Energy Equation


Effect of Shape Function
Let us assume that the shape of the longitudinal velocity profile is described by
m is an unspecified shape function that varies

from 0 to 1, and n = y/δ

The resulting expressions for local boundary layer thickness and skin friction coefficient are

Heat transfer coefficient information is extracted in a similar fashion with dT∞/dx = 0.
Thus, we assume the temperature profile shapes
(a function of Prandtl number)
Based On the assumptions δT < δ

(high-Pr fluids), the integral energy
equation reduces to

Assuming the simplest temperature profile, m = p:
which is numerically identical to the scaling law for Pr>>1 fluids

In the case of liquid metals Δ>> 1, we obtain


3- Uniform Surface Flux
A flat plate with an insulated leading section of length xo . The plate is heated with
uniform flux q’’ along its surface We consider steady state, laminar, two-dimensional
flow with constant properties. We wish to determine surface temperature distribution
and the local Nusselt number
For constant properties, the velocity

distribution is independent of temperature.
Assume a third degree polynomial for the

temperature profile


For the special case of a plate with no insulated section, setting x0 =0
This result is in good agreement with the more accurate differential formulation solution

Plate: Variable Surface Temperature



5- CONSTANT FREE-STREAM VELOCITY FLOW ALONG A SEMI-INFINITE PLATE
WITH ARBITRARILY SPECIFIED SURFACE TEMPERATURE
• The integral solution for heat transfer with an unheated starting length
is the building block for the construction of heat transfer results for
more complicated situations.
• Consider, for example, heat transfer from the heated spot x1 <x< x2 ,
The wall temperature upstream and downstream from the heated spot
is equal to the constant free-stream value, T∞ , while the spot
temperature is T0
• Since the integral energy equation is linear in temperature, the thermal
boundary layer generated by the T0 spot can be reconstructed as the
superposition of two thermal boundary layers.

•The first thermal boundary layer,
δT,1 is the fingerprint of wall
heating (T∞+ ΔT) downstream
from x= x1.
•The second thermal boundary

layer is the result of wall cooling
(T∞−ΔT) downstream from x = x2.
•The superposition of the two

thermal layers constitutes the
thermal boundary layer due to
spot heating.
•Of interest is the heat flux q’’ from

the wall to the fluid.

To calculate q’’, we identify three distinct wall regions:

1. 0 < x < x1, the unheated started length, where q’’ = 0 because the wall is in
thermal equilibrium with the free stream
2- x1 < x < x2, the heated spot, where :
3- x > x2, the trailing section, where q is the superposition of two effects.
Note that since x2 > x1, the heat flux q in region 3 is negative. This means that in the
trailing section, the wall reabsorbs part of the heat released earlier in region 2.

• The heat flux from the wall to the fluid, downstream from N step
changes Ti in wall temperature, is given by
where xi is the longitudinal position of each temperature step change Ti
If the wall temperature varies smoothly, T0(x), above formula is replaced by

its integral limit (the limit of infinitesimally small steps):
The factor 0.332, which appears on the right-hand side of the equations, was
borrowed from the similarity solution. The actual factor generated by the integral
solution with cubic profile is 0.331.
5- CONSTANT FREE-STREAM VELOCITY FLOW ALONG A SEMI-INFINITE
PLATE WITH ARBITRARILY SPECIFIED SURFACE TEMPERATURE
• The method of superposition can be used to develop heat transfer solutions

for the boundary layer for an arbitrary wall temperature variation because
of the linearity of the energy differential equation of the boundary layer.
• Let ɵ(ξ, x, y) be a solution to energy for constant-property, constant free-
stream velocity flow along a flat plate for the step-function boundary
condition t0 = t∞ for x < ξ , t0 = constant (different from t∞) for x > ξ. Then ɵ
will be defined such that
• Then a solution to energy equation for any arbitrary variation in surface

temperature t0 , but with free-stream temperature constant, is

The heat flux from the wall surface is determined from

• The previously derived step-function solution for the laminar boundary

layer can be written as:
Above equation then provides the method for the calculation of heat-transfer rates
from a flat plate with a laminar boundary layer and any axial wall temperature
distribution. It is necessary to insert only the desired dt0 / d ξ as a function of ξ in the
integral and any abrupt changes in wall temperature in the summation.
As an example of the method,

consider a plate with a step in wall
temperature at the leading edge,
followed by a linear wall-
temperature variation .

There is only one step in wall temperature, at ξ = 0, so there is only one term in the
summation. Thus

• The following change of variable transforms the integral into the form of
the beta function.
The integral is then readily evaluated by use of beta function tables



Questions?


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CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

•A differential element measuring dx×δ is

• (2) Assumed approximate velocity and temperature profiles which

• (3) Determination of the unknown parameter or variable.

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

boundary layer flow over a curved porous surface

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

• (1) Fluid entering the element through the porous surface

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

At the edge of the boundary layer

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

At the edge of boundary layer flow the fluid is assumed inviscid

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

Heat conduction at the porous

Special Case: Constant properties and impermeable flat plate

Setting P = 1 and assuming constant density and specific heat

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

The wall is impermeable, v0 = 0

We evaluate vY by performing the same integral on the continuity equation

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

Assume a velocity profile

For laminar flow over a flat plate, a polynomial is a

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

(1) The second and third conditions are approximate since

(2) Condition (4) is obtained by setting y= 0 in the x-

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

• (1) The integral and Blasius solutions for δ(x) and

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

Assume a temperature profile

For laminar flow over a

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

Eliminating δ(x) in the above gives a first order ordinary differential

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

The solution to this case is obtained by

Thermal boundary layer thickness, heat

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

This has an error of 2.5%.

We examine next the accuracy

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

m is an unspecified shape function that varies

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

(a function of Prandtl number)

Based On the assumptions δT < δ

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3

Assuming the simplest temperature profile, m = p:

which is numerically identical to the scaling law for Pr>>1 fluids

SAHAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER- CHAPTER3