LINEAR DC POWER

SUPPLY
 WHAT is DC PS?
How to build?

WHY important?

HOW its work?

WHAT block diagram look?

DC POWER SUPPLY
 Most electronic devices
need power source to
work

 Produces at the certain

level voltage
A.C TRANSFORME REGULATOR
D.C
FILTER VOLTAGE
voltage RECTIFIER
DIVIDER voltage
R

Figure 1.1 : Block Diagram For Dc Power Supply

• Tansformer
to increase / decrease the voltage alternating current.
• Rectifiers
convert the alternating current voltage to the voltage pulse.
• Filter
convert the voltage pulse to the voltage at rippled or preferably the voltage
at pure.
• Regulator
help to reduce to zero or at least to a minimal value.
• Voltage dividers
divide the voltage according to the circuit.
 to increase / decrease the voltage alternating current
 Step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the
current.
 Step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the
current

Figure 1.2 : Diagram and type of transformer

 Introduction
 Most devices or electronic systems require a dc power
supply to operate.
 Generally many source of power that supplied to the
house is a.c, so to get the d.c voltage, we use a rectifier
circuit.
 Rectifier to be discussed are: -
 half-wave rectifier
 full-wave rectifier
 bridge rectifier.
 Vk
Vm

Vm
Vm D
RL

t t

Figure 1.3 : Half wave rectifier and the output

 Operation.
1. During the positive cycle of the input signal, the diode D is in
forward bias condition. D acts as a switch (close condition) and the
current can pass through the circuit. The value of the Voltage drop on
the RL is equal to the magnitude of the positive cycle of the input
signal. ( if we ignore the voltage drop on the diode)
2. During the negative cycle of input signal, the diode D in reverse
biased condition. D acts as a switch ( open condition) so the current
can not pass through the circuit. So, the value of Voltage drop in the
RL during the negative cycle is empty.
3. When we connect the oscilloscope across the RL we will find the
output waveform is the same as Figure 1.3

 Output Voltage
Output voltage for half-wave rectifier circuit produced only at
positive cycle of the current. Since the current through the diode and
the diode voltage drop is 0.7V (assuming silicon diode), the output
voltage is: -
Vk = Vm - 0.7V

 frequency
The frequency output signal is equal to the input frequency.
 D1
M

G
A
C

D2 RL

B
N

Figure 1.4 Full wave rectifier circuit

 When the a.c voltage provided on the circuit, the end of M and N on
the transformer will be positive and negative alternately .
 When the input voltage is positive cycle , the terminal M is positive,
G= 0 (the earth) and N is negative.
 Diodes D1 to be forward biased while diode D2 to be reverse biased.
Current flows along the M, D1, C, A, B, G.
 A positive cycle of the wave will be produced at the load RL
 When the input voltage is negative cycle , the terminal M is negative,
G = 0 (the earth) and N be positive.
 Diode D2 become forward biased while the diode D1 become reverse
bias. Current flows along the N, D2, C, A, B, G. A positive cycle of
the wave will be produced at the load RL.
 When we analyze the operation the output should be as shown in
Figure 1.5:
Vm

t
VMG

t
VNG

Vk

Figure 1.5: Output for full wave rectifier circuit

 Output Voltage
Output voltage of full wave rectifier circuit resulting in two cycles.
Since in a cycle of current through a diode and the voltage drop on
the diode is 0.7V (assuming silicon diode), the output voltage is: -

Vk = VM-G - 0.7V

 Frequency
Output signal frequency is twice the input frequency.
 Figure 1.6 : Bridge rectifier

 A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also
available in special packages containing the four diodes required.
 It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the ac wave (both positive
and negative sections).
 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when
conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the
Figure 1.6.
 Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass and the
maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three
times the supply rms voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages).
 Time

Figure 1.7 : Electron flow for positive half-cycles

Time

Figure 1.8 : Electron flow for negative half-cycles

 Clarify the application of bridge rectifier in a power supply
unit.
 Discuss the operation of integrated circuit bridge rectifier
 a. Data sheet of a bridge rectifier IC
 b. Pin configuration and assignments
 c. Application of bridge rectifier IC
Introduction
The main task of the filter is to convert the pulsed of a.c voltage to a
rippled d.c voltage or preferably the pure d.c voltage and free from
pulses of a fixed value as can be obtained from the battery.
Among the circuits that commonly used filters are: -
• C filter
• RC filter
• LC filters
V•  filter V V

t t t

A.C Voltage Ripple voltage

Rectifier Filter circuit

circuit

Figure 1.9: The shape of waveform before and after filtering process
Filter is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor
connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir,
supplying current to the output when the varying DC
voltage from the rectifier is falling.

ID

Filter Circuit
C1 RL Vk

Figure 1.10: filter circuit with electrolytic capacitor

The diagram below shows the unsmoothed varying DC and the
smoothed DC
The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and
then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
Vm

20
15
10

t
0 2 4 6 8 10
Vk B Q
20
15
15Vp-p
10 P X

5
t
0 A 2 4 C 6 8 R 10

Figure 1.11: Output for c filter

 A filter is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it
discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple
which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation
below gives the required value for the filter with capacitor.

I
Vr 
2C. f

 Where: I [Amps], C [F], f [Hz] and Vr [V]

 Note: The ripple voltage shouldn't be higher than 10% of Vs.

 A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be
doubled when filtering half-wave DC.
 C1 C2
Vk B 0.1uF 1uF

 Vr
20

15

10 X
5

t
0 A 2 4 C 6 8 Z 10

Time constant RLC1

Time constant RLC2

Figure 1.12 : Ripple voltage if using different capacitor C1 and C2

Ex 1: What should be the Capacitance to appropriately filter an 24Vpp

AC signal, 60Hz and 1A?
I 1A
C   6950F
2  Vr  f 2  0,112V  60Hz
 RC filter is a circuit that we added after the capacitor filter.
 RC filters are produced by placing a resistor in series with the load
(RL) and a capacitor in parallel with the load (RL). Resistor (R) will
drain ripple voltage to a smaller value. Capacitor C2 will filtering the
remaining ripple voltage.
 However, this RC filter has led to some disadvantages where the
value of the d.c voltage that across RL will also be diminished to a
lower value. R

Rectifier C1 C2 RL Vk
circuit

Figure 1.13 : RC Filter

  filter acts to overcome the problems generated by the RC filter.To
built  filter we can replace the resistor in RC filter with the inductor
(L).
 Inductor will only reduce the value of a ripple a.u. voltage.
 Inductor has a low resistance to d.c but also provide a high
impedance to the a.c .
 Thus, the d.c voltage output is not declining when across the RL, but
the ripple a.c voltage will be reduced significantly when cross L.

Rectifier
C1 C2 RL Vk

Figure 1.14 :  Filter Circuit

 By combining the advantages of series inductance and
parallel capacitor, LC filters have been produced. This filter
also acts as a low pass filter (low-pass filter).

Rectifier C2 RL Vk

Figure 1.15 : LC Filter Circuit

 An electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level.
 A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may
include negative feedback control loops. It may use an
electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components.
 Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC
or DC voltages.
 Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer
power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the
processor and other elements.
 Regulation percentage:
 where
Vmak  V min
% pengaturan   100
Vmak
VNL  VFL
% pengaturan   100
VFL

 VNL = no-load voltage

Vfl = full load voltage
There are three typical voltage regulator circuit is used: -

• voltage regulator zener diode

• transistor series voltage regulator
• voltage regulator integrated circuit (78XX series)
 Zener diodes will operate as a voltage regulator in reverse bias.
 Zener diode has its own specialties which it can regulate voltage if
operating in the zener region.
 To operate in the zener region, the input voltage must be greater
than the zener voltage and the load resistance does not cause the
zener current equal to zero
R

Rectifier Filter
Dz RL

Figure 1.16 : zener diode voltage regulator

 Q1

R
Rectifier Filter RL
Dz

Figure 1.17: Serial Transistor Voltage Regulator

 Transistors connected in series with the load will control the input voltage
allowed to the output. The output voltage are sampled by a circuit which
supplies a feedback voltage (compared to the reference voltage ).
 Referring to figure , if the output voltage decreases, increase in VBE causes the
transistor to produce more current, this current will increase the output
voltage and maintaining the output voltage
 The zener diode will act as a reference voltage. The same process occurs if the
output voltage increases. The transistor will reduce the current value, causing
the output voltage and maintaining the output voltage decreases.
 The 78xx (sometimes LM78xx) is a family of self-contained fixed
linear voltage regulator integrated circuits.

 The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a

regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost.

 For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating
the output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while
the 7812 produces 12 volts).

 The 78xx lines are positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage
that is positive relative to a common ground.
 1 2
Vk
LM7405
Rectifier Filters
3

C1 C2

Figure 1.18: Voltage regulator- Integrated Circuits

 A voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a
simple linear circuit that produces an output voltage ( Vout)
that is a fraction of its input voltage ( Vin).
 Voltage division refers to the partitioning of a voltage among
the components of the divider.
 A simple example of a voltage divider consists of two
resistors in series or a potentiometer (adjustable resistors). It
is commonly used to create a reference voltage or to get a
low voltage signal proportional to the voltage to be
measured
 In some systems of electronic equipment, especially equipment large
or complex, it consists of several stages, each circuit is sometimes used
voltages at different value like TV system, there are more than ten
different levels of circuit functions and some that require voltage
100V, 48V, 12V.
 A resistive divider is a special case where both impedances, Z1 and Z2,
are purely resistive .Substituting Z1 = R1 and Z2 = R2

Z2 R2
Vout   Vin Vout   Vin
Z1  Z 2 R1  R2
Figure 1.19 : Voltage divider circuit
 Figure 1.20 shows a schematic diagram of a simple power
supply unit which includes full wave rectifier, filter and
voltage regulator.

D1
M

G L R
C
RL
D2
C1 C2 Dz A Linear
Output
N Voltage

Rectifier Filter Regulator Voltage Divider

Transformer