 Biological Sources – Mainly consists of flower buds of Eugeria caryophyllus belonging to the

Family – Myrtaceae.
 Geographical Sources – Indonesia
cultivated in Islands of Zanzbar , Brazil , Pemba , Sumatra
 Cultivation and Collection
 It is a perennial plant.
 It grows at height of 10 -20m.
 It grows in region with moist warm climate with grow well distributed rainfall.
 It is propagated by seeds, seeds are sown in suitable soil at a distance of 25cm.
 Seeds are sensitive to direct sunlight, so initially shown in greenhouse which is covered with
banana .
 Once the plant grows to a height of 1cm, they are transplanted in an open place maintaining
a distance of 6m just before rainy season.
 Drug is collected from 6yrs to 70yrs old plant.
 Clove buds change color, as they mature.
 continuation
 At the beginning of rainy season, long greenish bud appears which changes to rosy peach
color and as the corella fades , the calyx turns yellow then red.
 Buds are collected in dry weather in the month of August to December.
 Collection is done either by climbing on the tree or using some ladders or with the help of
mobile platforms.
 In some places the trees are even beated with bamboo sticks for the collection of buds.
 Buds are then separated from the stocks and placed on coconut mats for drying under the
sun.
 During the drying process the buds change their color to dark brown.
 Cloves are reddish brown in color with upper crown and
hypanthium which is a stalk like structure cylindrical in shape.
 It is 10-13mm long and 4mm wide and 2mm thick and this
hypanthium has schizolysigenous cavity( useful for storage of
volatile oils) and the ovary is bilocular and the crown region
consists of calyx, corella, style, and stamen.
 Calyx has 4 thick sepals.
 Corella consists of 4 yellow colored petals which are immature
and membranous.
 And ovary consists of numerous ovules and cloves exhibit
strong and spicy aroma as well as pungent and aromatic taste.
Microscopic characters

 T.S of hypanthium shows a single layers of epidermis with occasional stomata.

 Cortex has three distinct regions and the peripheral region consists of two-three
layers of schizolysigenous oil glands embedded in parenchymatous cells.
 The middle layer has few layers of bicolateral vascular bundles, and inner
portion is loosely arranged aerenchyma and the central cylinder contains thick
walled parenchyma with a ring of bicolateral vascular bundles.

Mainly consists of 14.2% of volatile oil and in that it is composed of 60-90% of Eugenol
along with it contains acetyl Eugenol, Gallo tannic acid, methyl fural, gum resin,
fiber.
Chemical tests
1. T.S of hypanthium when treated with potassium hydroxide results in the formation of needle
shaped crystals of potassium euginate.
2. When a drop of oil is dissolved in 5ml of alcohol and ferrous chloride is added to it, blue color
is observed.
3. When chloroform extract of clove is treated with 30% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide
needle shaped crystals of sodium euginate are formed and clove is mainly used as flavoring
agent, stimulant and dental analgesic.

Adulterants
Generally clove is adulterated with exhausted cloves, blown cloves and clove stalks as well as
clove fruits.
EUCALYPTUS(Leaves)

 Biological sources- Eucalyptus leaves are obtained from Eucalyptus globules labillardiere,
belongs to the Family- Myrtaceae.
 Geographical source- Cultivated in Italy, Spain , Southern France, Portugal, Algeria.
 The tree bears leaves of two types; on young plants they are opposite, ovate, cordate at the
base, and sessile, and they grow with the lamina horizontal; on the upper parts of older
trees, longer, scimitar shaped leaves are produced, the petioles of which are short and
twisted so that the laminae are in a vertical plane; these alone are employed in making
preparations of eucalyptus leaves. They are collected in southern Europe and dried. Both
forms of the leaf are used fresh for the distillation of the volatile oil.
 Description- Eucalyptus leaves are narrow and up to 30 cm long; petiole is short and twisted;
thelamina is thick, coriaceous, and when quite dry, brittle; the margin is entire and thickened; the
midrib is not prominent on either surface. The apex id acute; the leaves are quite glabrous, but
punctuate from the presence of numerous oil-glands situated in mesophyll. The surfaces are
frequently marked with a number of minute warty brown spots. The odour of fresh eucalyptus
leaves is strong and camphorous; in the dry leaves it is less perceptible until they are crushed. The
taste is aromatic , pungent and slightly bitter.
 Histology- The cells of both upper and lower epidermis have straight anticlinal walls and a
very thick cuticle and over each gland is a small patch of modified cells. Numerous sunken
stomata; the leaves are isobilateral; large schizogenous oil-glands are embedded in
mesophyll. Prism of calcium oxalate occur near the fibers of the veins and clusters of calcium
oxalate in the palisade and spongy tissue.
Continuation

 Constituents- eucalyptus leaves contains 3-5% volatile oils containing 50 or more percent
of cineol. They also contain tannin ; bitter principle.

 Uses – astringent, employed in the form of cigarette for Asthma, antiseptic property.