Learning Objectives

1. Information resources
2. Database advantages
3. Relational database
4. Master data management
5. Data warehouse
6. Information management
Information Resources
 Structured information
 Unstructured information
 Semi-structured information
 Metadata
Quality of Information
 Accuracy
 Precision
 Completeness
 Consistency
 Timeliness
 Bias
 Duplication
Managing Information
• Record
• Field
• Table
File Processing Systems
 Redundancy and inconsistency
 Lack of integration
 Inconsistent definitions
 Dependence
Databases
 Reduced redundancy
 Integrity and accuracy
 Ability to adapt to changes
 Performance and scalability
 Security
Database Architecture
 One to one (1:1)
 One to many (1:M)
 Many to many (M:M)
Relational Database
 Tables of records
 Link field in one
table to field in
another table
 Separates data from
paths to retrieve
data
Data Model
 Entities and
attributes
 Primary key
 Normalization
Data Model
• Relationships and foreign keys
• Complex relationships
Retrieving Information
 Structured query language (SQL)
 Interactive voice response (IVR)
 Natural language interfaces
Managing the Database
 Performance tuning
and scalability
 Integrity, security,
and recovery
 Documentation
Multiple Databases
 Integration challenges
 Shadow systems
 Master data management
 Data stewards
Data Warehouses
• Building data warehouses
• Extract, transform, and load (ETL)
• Data mining
Human Element
 Ownership issues
 Databases without boundaries
 Stakeholders
Summary
1. Information resources
2. Database advantages
3. Relational database
4. Master data management
5. Data warehouse
6. Information management
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• What are the principal components of
telecommunications networks and key networking
technologies?
• What are the different types of networks?
• How do the Internet and Internet technology work and
how do they support communication and
e-business?
• What are the principal technologies and standards for
wireless networking, communication, and Internet
access?
• What are some of the latest trends in
telecommunication and networking?
 Networking and Communication
Trends
• Convergence:
• Telephone networks and computer networks converging into
single digital network using Internet standards
• Cable companies providing voice service
• Broadband:
• More than 75 percent U.S. Internet users have broadband
access
• In Malaysia, 70% households have access to broadband
• Broadband wireless:
• Voice and data communication as well as Internet access are
increasingly taking place over broadband wireless platforms
Networking and Communication
Trends in Malaysia

20
Networking and Communication
Trends in Malaysia

21
Networking and Communication
Trends in Malaysia

22
Networking and Communication
Trends in Malaysia

23
 What Is a Computer Network?

• Major components in simple network

• Client computer
• Server computer
• Network interfaces
• Connection medium
• Network operating system (NOS)
• Hub or switch

• Routers
• Software defined networking (SDN)
 Components of a Simple Computer Network

Illustrated here is a
very simple
computer network,
consisting of
computers, a
network operating
system residing on a
dedicated server
computer, cabling
(wiring) connecting
the devices, network
interface cards
(NIC), switches, and
a router.
 Networks in Large Companies

• Components include:
• Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to firmwide
corporate network
• Various powerful servers
• Web site
• Corporate intranet, extranet
• Backend systems
• Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks)
• Videoconferencing system
• Telephone network
• Wireless cell phones
 Corporate Network Infrastructure

Today’s corporate
network infrastructure is
a collection of many
different networks from
the public switched
telephone network, to
the Internet, to
corporate local area
networks linking
workgroups,
departments, or office
floors.
 Key Digital Networking Technologies

• Client/server computing
• Distributed computing model
• Clients linked through network controlled by network server
computer
• Server sets rules of communication for network and provides
every client with an address so others can find it on the
network
• Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing
• The Internet: largest implementation of client/server
computing
 Key Digital Networking Technologies

• TCP/IP and connectivity

• Connectivity between computers enabled by protocols
• Protocols: rules that govern transmission of information
between two points
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
• Common worldwide standard that is basis for Internet
• Department of Defense reference model for TCP/IP
• Four layers
• Application layer
• Transport layer
• Internet layer
• Network interface layer
 The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) Reference Model

This figure illustrates the

four layers of the TCP/IP
reference model for
communications.
 Types of Networks

• Digital versus analog signals

• Modem: translates digital signals into analog form
• Local-area networks (LANs)
• Ethernet is standard for physical medium
• Workgroup network model (peer-to-peer architecture)
• Windows domain network model
• Campus-area networks (CANs)
• Wide-area networks (WANs)
• Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
 Functions of the Modem

A modem is a device that translates digital signals into analog form

(and vice versa) so that computers can transmit data over analog
networks such as telephone and cable networks.
 Transmission Media and Transmission
Speeds

• Transmission media:
• Types: twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, wireless
• Speeds: Wide range depending on software/hardware
combination
• Transmission speed
• Bps, Mbps: rate of information transmitted
• Hertz: Number of cycles per second
• Bandwidth: Difference between highest and lowest
frequencies on single channel
 What Is the Internet?

• World’s most extensive network

• Internet service providers (ISPs) provide
connections
• Digital subscriber line
• Cable Internet connections
• T1 lines
 How the Internet works and supports e-
business

• Internet addressing and architecture

• IP addresses
• The Domain Name System (DNS)
• converts IP addresses to domain names
• Hierarchical structure
• Top-level domains
• Internet architecture and governance
• No formal management: IAB, ICANN, W3C
• The future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2
 The Domain Name System

The Domain Name

System is a
hierarchical system
with a root domain,
top-level domains,
second-level domains,
and host computers at
the third level.
 Internet Services
• Internet services
• E-mail
• Chatting and instant messaging
• Newsgroups
• Telnet
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• World Wide Web
• VoIP
• Unified communications
• Virtual private network (VPN)
Client/Server Computing on the Internet

Client computers running Web browser and other software can access
an array of services on servers over the Internet. These services may all
run on a single server or on multiple specialized servers.
 How Voice over IP Works

A VoIP phone call digitizes and breaks up a voice message into data packets that may travel along
different routes before being reassembled at the final destination. A processor nearest the call’s
destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order and directs them to the
telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer.
 A Virtual Private Network Using the Internet

This VPN is a private network of computers linked using a secure “tunnel”

connection over the Internet. It protects data transmitted over the public Internet
by encoding the data and “wrapping” them within the Internet Protocol (IP). By
adding a wrapper around a network message to hide its content, organizations
can create a private connection that travels through the public Internet.
 The Web

• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):

• Formats documents for display on Web
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
• Communications standard used for transferring
Web pages
• Uniform resource locators (URLs):
• Addresses of Web pages
• E.g.,
http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602
.html
• Web servers
• Software for locating and managing Web pages
 Web 3.0 and the Future Web

• Developing techniques to make searching Web

more productive and meaningful
• “Semantic Web”
• A collaborative effort led by W3C to add layer of
meaning to the existing Web
• Ways to make Web more “intelligent” and intuitive
• “Internet of Things”
• More widespread use of cloud computing, mobile
computing
 The Wireless Revolution

• Cellular systems
• Competing standards for cellular service
• CDMA: United States only
• GSM: Rest of world, AT&T, T-Mobile
• Third-generation (3G) networks
• Higher transmission speeds suitable for web
browsing but not Web browsing
• Fourth-generation (4G) networks
• Entirely packet-switched
• Up to 100 Mbps
 The Wireless Revolution

• Wireless computer networks and Internet access

• Bluetooth (802.15)
• Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area using low-power,
radio-based communication
• Useful for personal networking (PANs)
• Wi-Fi (802.11)
• Set of standards: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n
• Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
• Use access points: device with radio
receiver/transmitter for connecting wireless devices
to a wired LAN
 A Bluetooth Network (PAN)

Bluetooth enables a
variety of devices,
including cell phones,
PDAs, wireless keyboards
and mice, PCs, and
printers, to interact
wirelessly with each other
within a small 30-foot (10-
meter) area. In addition to
the links shown,
Bluetooth can be used to
network similar devices to
send data from one PC to
another, for example.
 An 802.11 Wireless LAN

Mobile laptop computers

equipped with wireless
network interface cards link to
the wired LAN by
communicating with the
access point. The access point
uses radio waves to transmit
network signals from the wired
network to the client adapters,
which convert them into data
that the mobile device can
understand. The client adapter
then transmits the data from
the mobile device back to the
access point, which forward
the data to the wired network.
 The Wireless Revolution

• Wireless computer networks and Internet

access
• Wi-Fi (cont.)
• Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to provide
maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
• Weak security features
• WiMax (802.16)
• Wireless access range of 31 miles
• Require WiMax antennas
 The Wireless Revolution

• Radio frequency identification (RFID)

• Use tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data
about an item and location
• Tag antennas to transmit radio signals over short distances to
special RFID readers, which send data over network to
computer for processing
• Common uses:
• Automated toll-collection
• Tracking goods in a supply chain
• Requires companies to have special hardware and software
• Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many firms
 How RFID Works

RFID uses low-powered radio transmitters to

read data stored in a tag at distances ranging
from 1 inch to 100 feet. The reader captures the
data from the tag and sends them over a
network to a host computer for processing.
Moore’s Law
 Dr. Gordon Moore
 Co-founder of Intel
 Hypothesized that the number of transistors on a chip
would double every two years
 Transistors predicted computing power
 Computing power would double every two years
 Has been relatively accurate to this date
 First CPU had 2200 transistors
 Current CPUs have over 5 billion
IT Cycles and Obsolescence
 Powerful computers
enable new applications
 New applications drive
efficiencies
 New applications often
make old hardware
obsolete
 Obsolete hardware
requires replacement
Big Data and Rapidly Increasing
Storage Needs
 Firms collect unprecedented levels of data
 Business intelligence (Chapter 6)
 Legal compliance (e.g., Sarbanes-Oxley)
 Unprecedented levels of data require unprecedented
infrastructure capabilities
 More storage space, powerful hardware, and database
management
 Ever-increasing Internet bandwidth
 Vicious cycle: enhanced capacity drives new
applications, requiring even more capacity
Demand Fluctuations
 Many companies face demand fluctuations
 Seasonal fluctuations (e.g., December holidays)
 Monthly fluctuations (month-end spikes)
 Demand fluctuations create inefficiencies
 Some estimate up to 70% of IS capacity only used 20% of
the time
 IS infrastructure is typically not readily scalable
 Changing internal capacity takes time
 Cloud computing (next section) may be the answer
Increasing Energy Needs
 Computing can require a lot of power
 Hardware draws power, which generates heat
 Heat requires cooling, which requires more power
 Data centers can use large amounts of power
 15 to 17 kilowatts per rack
 Large data centers have hundreds of racks
 More power is required for cooling and lost through
other inefficiencies
What Is Cloud Computing?
 Cloud Computing is a way to allocate resources much
like a utility sells power
 Resources are used “on-demand,” as needed
 Customers only pay for what they consume
 Resources can be rapidly allocated and reallocated
 Consumption becomes an operating expense
 % utilization and efficiency increase dramatically
Why Cloud Computing?
 The efficiency benefits are tremendous
 Different customers have different demand spikes
 Large data centers have economies of scale
 Purchasing, deploying, and managing technology
 Implementing green cooling technologies
 Flexibly reallocating resources
 Customers can focus on core operations
 Infrastructure can be consumed as needed
 Scalability no longer a limiting factor
Cloud Computing
Characteristics
 On-Demand Self-Service • Resource Pooling
 Rapid Elasticity • Measured Service
 Broad Network Access
Cloud Computing Service
Models
 Infrastructure
as a Service
(IaaS)
 Platform as a
Service (PaaS)
 Software as a
Service (SaaS)
Public and Private Clouds
Managing the Cloud
 Availability/Reliability
 Scalability
 Viability
 Security, Privacy, and Compliance
 Diversity of Offerings
 Openness
 Costs
Advanced Cloud Applications:
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Services—individual
components of business
processes
 building blocks
 Principles of SOA
 Reusability
 Interoperability
 Componentization

Using SOA, multiple

applications
can invoke multiple services
 Advanced Cloud Applications:
Grid Computing
 Extremely complex problems need
heavy computing power
 Traditionally handled by
supercomputers, but
 Supercomputers are very expensive
 Even supercomputers may not be
able to handle the demand
 Grid computing—combine many
small, networked computers
 Decompose and distribute large
complex problems
Advanced Cloud Applications:
Content Delivery Networks
Content delivery
networks store copies
of content closer to the
end user
Advanced Cloud Computing:
Convergence of Computing and
Telecommunications
 Voice and data traffic
sharing a common
network infrastructure
 Voice over IP (VoiP): IP
telephony
 Video conferencing over
IP
Green Computing
 Driving forces
 Power bills
 Reputation
 Culture
 Approaches
 Virtualizing servers
 Cloud computing
 Power management software
 Reduced printing
 Retiring obsolete hardware responsibly