LET’S

REVIEW………
Shield Volcano
• Broad Gentle Sloping Sides
• Non-Explosive
Composite Volcano
• Alternates Lava and Cinders
• Potentially most dangerous
Cinder Cone Volcano
• Narrow base, Steep sides with wide crater
• Explosive
 How does Magma form?
• Magma is molten rock beneath the Earth’s
surface

• High Temperature:
– Rocks melt at
800-1200°C
 How does Magma form?
• usually originating from the melting of the
upper mantle or crust.
• Through movements of the earth's crust,
rocks are pulled down farther and farther
until the temperatures are hot enough to
actually melt the rock. After a rock has
been melted it changes to a substance
known as magma.
•
 COMPOSITION OF MAGMA
• Magmas can vary widely in
composition, but in general they
are made up of only eight
elements; in order of importance:
• Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron,
Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, and
Potassium.
 COMPOSITION OF MAGMA
• Oxygen, the most abundant element in
magma, comprises a little less than half
the total, followed by silicon at just
over one-quarter.
• The remaining elements make up the
other one-quarter. Magmas derived
from crustal material are dominated by
oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium,
and potassium.
COMPOSITION OF MAGMA
 What determines the nature of
eruption and the shape of cone?
It depends on the viscosity of magma.
• Viscosity – it is a measure of a material’s
resistance to flow.It is also described as the
liquid’s thickness and stickiness.
• Low Viscosity
– Moves fast (Less thick)
• High Viscosity
– Moves slow (More thick)
 Factors affects the viscosity of
magma
Temperature of the Magma
- The higher the temperature, the less
viscous is the magma.
Chemical Composition
- An important substance in the
magma is silica ( SiO2).
-The higher the silica present in the
Magma, the higher its viscosity.
 Factors affects the viscosity of
magma
 Amount of dissolved gases in the magma.
Gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma tends
to increase its ability to flow.
The higher the amount of gases, low viscosity of
magma or vice-versa.
Gases expand within a magma as they get near the
Earth’s surface due to increasing pressure. The
violence of an eruption is related to how easily
gases escape from magma.
Types of
Magma
 Type of Viscosity Silica Gas Explosive- Type of Example
Magma Content Content ness Volcano

Basaltic Low 1-2% 50% Least Shield Hawaii

Mt. St.
Andesitic Medium 3-4% 60% Medium Composite Helens
Rhyolitic High Greatest Cinder
4-6% 70% Yellowstone
Cone

*The higher the gas content, the more explosive the magma is
going to be
TYPES OF LAVA FLOW
TYPES OF LAVA
TYPES OF LAVA
PAHOEHOE LAVA
PAHOEHOE
A’A LAVA
PILLOW LAVA