Dr. Rónán Mills, B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc., D.Clin.Psych.

(BIRT)
Academic Supervisor: Prof. C.G. McCusker, B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D., D.Clin.Psych. (UCC)

Dr. C. Tennyson, B.Sc. (Hons.), D.Clin.Psych. (RVH)

Ms. J. Gordon, R.G.N. (RVH)
Dr. C. Lockhart, M.B., B.Ch. B.A.O. (Hons), M.D., M.R.C.P. (RVH)
Factors ACHD sample (n/N)† NI population data Relative risk (97.5% CI)
Relationship status - Single
Age 18-34 91% (70/77) 76% 1.19 (1.01-1.29)*
Age 35-65 36% (14/39) 17% 2.01 (1.3-3.39)*
Independence - Living w/ parents
Age 20-35 54% (38/70) 35% 1.54 (1.2-2)*
Offspring - No offspring
Age 18-34 86% (66/77) 74% 1.16 (1.05-1.29)*
Age ≥35 56% (22/39) 52% 1.08 (0.79-1.48)
Education - No educational qualification ‡

Age 16-34 4% (3/76) 26% -§

Age 35-64 25% (9/36) 41% 1.66 (0.87-3.16) | |
Economic activity - Economically inactive
Age 18-24 24% (9/37) 31% 0.78 (0.39-1.59)
Age 25-64 21% (16/75) 23% 0.93 (0.55-1.55)
Employment – Unemployed
Headline rate ≥16 9% (8/88) 6% -§
Age 18-24 7% (2/28) 18% 0.39 (0.08-1.9)
Age ≥25 10% (6/60) 4% 2.47 (0.95-6.44)
Income - <Average industrial wage
Employed, Age 25-65 78% (42/54) ≈ 50%. -§
Employed, Age 35-65 63% (17/27) ≈ 50% -§
* - p < 0.25;
† - Number of valid responses returned in the respective age cohort
‡ - No ‘GCSE’, O-Level, A-Level, or tertiary education;
§ - Exact frequencies not available, or cohorts not matched appropriately, to enable reliable relative risk estimates;
| | - Relative risk is for NI population, as calculations reversed to aid interpretation
Factors Acyanotic Closed Acyanotic Open (n/N)† Cyanotic Corrected Cyanotic Complex (n/N)† χ2 (df)
(n/N)† (n/N)†
Single 68% 80% 70% 67% 0.469 (3),
(15/22) (32/40) (23/33) (14/21) p = .934
Living with parents 50% 38% 46% 43% 1.01 (3),
(11/22) (15/40) (15/33) (9/21) p = .802
No offspring 77% 78% 61% 95% 8.58 (3),
(17/22) (31/40) (20/33) (20/21) p = .035
No educational 10% 5% 22% 5% 2.3 (1)§,
qualification (2/21) (2/40) (7/32) (1/20) p = .219
Palliated comparison: p =.689| |
No third level 67% 70% 63% 65% 0.47 (3),
qualification (14/21) (28/40) (20/32) (13/20) p = .934
Economically inactive 10% 23% 25% 30% 1.29 (1)§,
(2/21) (9/40) (8/32) (6/20) p = .363
Palliated comparison: p = .378| |
Unemployed‡ 16% 3% 17% 0% 0.17 (1)§,
(3/19) (1/31) (4/24) (0/14) p = .722
Palliated comparison: p = .346| |
<Average industrial 81% 80% 80% 93% 0.38 (1)§,
wage (13/16) (24/30) (16/20) (13/14) p = .574
Palliated comparison: p = .453| |
†- Number of valid responses returned in the diagnostic category
‡- Economically active and “Looking for a job”
§ - Cyanotic sub-groups collapsed to avoid expected cell counts below five (palliated groups also reported separately

beneath)
| | - Fishers’ Exact Tests’ p reported due to >80% of cells with expected count <5
Measure ACHD Total Acyanotic Acyanotic Cyanotic Cyanotic p - Between
Sample Closed Open Corrected Complex Groups
(N = 116) (n = 22) (n = 40) (n = 33) (n = 21) ANOVA
GAD-7†
Caseness‡ n 32 (28%) 5 (23%) 12 (31%) 8 (24%) 7 (33%) .862
PHQ-9†
Caseness‡ n 23 (20%) 5 (23%) 9 (23%) 5 (16%) 4 (19%) .922
GAD-7† & PHQ-9† Comorbidity
Both caseness‡ n 16 (14%) 3 (14%) 6 (15%) 4 (13%) 3 (14%)
CD-RISC§
Total M (S.D.) 70.93 (16.09) 72.19 (14.99) 73.77 (13.74) 68.5 (18.37) 68.1 (17.57) .441
SF-36§

Physical Functioning M (S.D.) 70.44 (27.95) 86.01 (15.38) 70.38 (29.34) 65.1 (29.84) 62.36 (27.65) .001*,| |, #
Role Limitations (Physical) M (S.D.) 71.09 (38.42) 93.18 (17.56) 68.75 (40.27) 65.63 (40.54) 60.71 (39.98) <.001*,| | ,#
Bodily Pain M (S.D.) 76.49 (35.69) 88.07 (14.78) 80.2 (22.42) 81.53 (25.75) 77.86 (22.27) .456
Gen. Health Perceptions M (S.D.) 54.42 (24.92) 59.32 (21.45) 54.08 (24.49) 56.13 (26.57) 47.38 (26.68) .449
Energy & Vitality M (S.D.) 55.46 (23.26) 63.49 (14.84) 54.87 (24.67) 54.68 (25.62) 49.29 (23.41) .091| |
Social Functioning M (S.D.) 76.9 (26.17) 82.39 (17.95) 74.01 (29.26) 76.61 (28.82) 76.79 (24.14) .558| |
Role Limits (Emotional) M (S.D.) 76.49 (35.7) 90.91 (21.04) 74.56 (37.52) 73.12 (35.92) 69.84 (42.04) .042| |
Mental Health M (S.D.) 72.27 (19.81) 72.45 (15.95) 70.32 (21.32) 75.23 (20.54) 71.24 (20.38) .777
*- p < 0.25; † - Higher scores indicate less favourable outcomes
‡ - The threshold at which it would be appropriate to initiate treatment
§ - Higher scores indicate more favourable outcomes | | - Welch’s F statistic used (homogeneity of variance violated)
# - Post-hoc comparisons revealed that participants with acyanotic-closed conditions perceived their Physical Functioning and Role Limitations

(due to physical concerns) as significantly better than those in the other three groups
Sub-scales, Indexes & Overall Composite (N = 115) M (S.D.) % > 1 S.D. (n)

Inhibit 51.91 (11.56) 26% (30)

Shift 50.94 (10.71) 26% (30)

Emotional Control 52.82 (10.49) 30% (34)

Self-Monitor 50.67 (11.92) 23% (26)

Behavioral Regulation Index 52.2 (11.05) 24% (27)

Initiate 50.37 (13.04) 24% (28)

Working Memory 53.39 (11.74) 30% (35)

Plan / Organize 51.05 (9.99) 20% (23)

Task Monitor 51.45 (9.73) 21% (24)

Organization of Materials 50.63 (11.21) 19% (22)

Metacognition Index 51.87 (10.75) 24% (28)

Global Executive Composite 52.11 (11.07) 27% (31)

 Relationship Independence 3rd Level Edu. Income
B (SE) Odds Ratio B (SE) Odds Ratio B (SE) Odds Ratio B (SE) Odds Ratio
Age 0.21 (0.05)*** 1.12 0.26 (0.05)*** 1.3 0.06 (0.03) 0.07 (0.04)
Gender 0.66 (0.69) 1.83 (0.62)** 6.21 0.93 (0.53) -2.51 (0.99)* 0.08
SOA 0.01 (0.01) 0.01 (0.01) 0.01 (0.01) 0.01 (0.01)
Emotional Control† 0.06 (0.03) 0.09 (0.03)** 1.09 0.12 (0.06) 1.13
Task Monitor† -0.9 (0.04)* 0.92
Energy & Vitality‡ 0.01 (0.01)
Role Limits (Emotional) ‡ 0.02 (0.01)
Working Memory† -0.09 (0.03)** 0.91
Mental Health -0.05 (0.02)** 0.95
Role Limits (Physical) ‡ 0.02 (0.01)* 1.01
Self Monitor† -.13 (0.06)* 0.88
CD-RISC§ 0.06 (0.03)
R2 (Cox & Snell; Nagelkerke) = .39***; .57*** .44***; .59*** .3***; .42*** .24**; .4**
* p < .025; ** p < .01; *** p < .001; B - coefficient; SE - standard error;
†- Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult Version subscales (negative values mean less problems in that domain);
‡ - Short-Form – 36 subscales (higher scores indicate better self-perceptions)
§ - Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale