LOGIC

UNIT 12

NOORMA FITRIANA M. ZAIN

RIANA WIEKE ADININGTYAS
 DEFINITION

 Logic deals with meanings in a language system, not

with actual behavior of any sort. Logic deals with
PROPOSITIONS. The terms “logic” and “logical” do not
apply directly to UTTERANCES (which are instances
of behavior)

 Jhon acted quite logically in locking his door.

Means: Jhon had good, well thought-out reasons for doing
what he did.

LOGIC is a word that means many things to different people.

Many everyday uses of the worg logic and logical could be
replaced by expressions such as reasonable behavior and
reasonable.
Logic is just one contributing factor in rational behavior.
Rational behavior involves:
a) Goals

b) Assumptions and knowledge

c) Calculating

Example of rational behavior:

 Goal : to alleviate my hunger

 Assumption and knowledge:

Hunger is alleviated by eating food.
Cheese is food.
There is a piece of cheese in front of me.
I am able to eat piece of cheese.
Calculations:
If hunger is alleviated by eating food and cheese is
food, then hunger is alleviated by eating cheese.

If hunger is alleviated by eating cheese, then my

own hunger would be alleviated by eating this
piece of cheese in front of me, and

Eating this piece of cheese would alleviate my

hunger,

And my goal is to alleviate my hunger,

So therefore eating this piece of cheese would

achieve my goal.

(Rational) action: eating the cheese

There is a close analogy between logic and arithmetic
(which is why we have used the word calculation).

‘arithmetic fact’ = not only fact involving number but fact

arising from system of the rules, such as: (+), (-), (x), and (: )
A similarity between logic and arithmetic is the
UNTHINKABLE of alternatives

Example: “2 + 2 = 5”
it is unthinkable.
it is arithmetic contradiction

“All men are mortal and some men are not mortal”
it is unthinkable
it is a logical contradiction
LETS PRACTICE !

Mark each sentence for Contradiction (C) or

for Analytic (A) as appropriate.

1. Sandra is here and Sandra is not here

2. Either Sandra is here or Sandra is not here
3. If Sandra is here, Sandra is here
4. If everyone is here, no one is not here
5. If someone is here, the no one here
A NOTATION FOR SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS

Logic provides a notation for unambiguously representing the

essentials of proposition.
Simple proposition likes simple sentences, have just one
predicator, which write is CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example:

Abraham died would be presented by formula a DIE.

Fido is a dog  f DOG
Ted loves Alice  t LOVE a
Phil introduced Mary to Jack  p INTRODUCE m j

Unit 13
 SIMPLE PROPOSITION
It is representable by a single PREDICATOR, drawn from the
predicates in the language, and number of ARGUMENTS, drawn from
the names in the language. This implies, among other things, that no
formula for simple proposition can have TWO (or more) predicators, and
it cannot have anything which is neither a predicate nor a name.

Example:
 j LOVE m  a well-formed formula for SP
 j m  not a well-formed formula, because it contains no predicator
 j IDOLIZE ADORE m  not a well-formed formula for SP, because
it contains two predicators
 j and h LOVE m  not well-formed formula for SP because it
contains something ‘and” which neither a predicator nor a name.
Rule: A simple formula consisting of a name and one-place
predicate is true of a situation in which the referent of
the name is a member of the extension of the predicate.

Example:

Mother is standing  m STAND is true of the situation

Son is sleeping  s SLEEP is false of the situation

see page 159

THANK YOU….