Introduction

• A generating station which employs gas turbine as the prime mover

for the generation of electrical energy is known as a gas turbine
power plant.
• The gas turbine obtains its power by utilizing the energy of
burnt gases and air, which is at high temperature and pressure
by expanding through the several ring of fixed and moving
blades.
• Gas turbines have been constructed to work on the following: oil,
natural gas, coal gas, producer gas, blast furnace and pulverized
coal.
• Almost any hydrocarbon fuel from high-octane gasoline to heavy
diesel oils can be used in the combustion chamber
• A simple gas turbine cycle consists of
• (1) a compressor,
• (2) a combustion chamber and
• (3) a turbine.
 Classification of gas turbine power plant

• The gas turbine power plants which are used in electric

power industry are classified into two groups as per the
cycle of operation.
• (a) Open cycle gas turbine.
• (b) Closed cycle gas turbine
• A) open cycle gas turbine:
• A simple open cycle gas turbine consists of a compressor,
combustion chamber and a turbine as shown in Fig.
• The compressor takes in ambient air and raises its
pressure. Heat is added to the air in combustion chamber
by burning the fuel and raises its temperature.
OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
 ,
• The heated gases coming out of combustion chamber are
then passed to the turbine where it expands doing
mechanical work. Part of the power developed by the
turbine(about 66%) is utilized in driving the compressor
and other accessories and remaining is used for power
generation.
• This type of cycle is known as open cycle gas turbine plant
and is mainly used in majority of gas turbine power plants.
• Since fresh air enters the compressor at the beginning and
exhaust are thrown out at the end, this cycle is an open
cycle.
Gas/combustion turbine
 Closed cycle gas power plant
• Closed cycle gas turbine plant was originated and
developed in Switzerland.
• In the year 1935, J. Ackeret and C. Keller first proposed this
type of machine and first plant was completed in Zurich in
1944.
• It used air as working medium and had a useful output of 2
MW.
• Since then, a number of closed cycle gas turbine plants
have been built all over the world and largest of 17 MW
capacity is at Gelsenkirchen, Germany and has been
successfully operating since 1967.
 CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
• In closed cycle gas turbine plant, the working fluid (air or any other
suitable gas) coming out from compressor is heated in a heater by an
external source at constant pressure.
• The high temperature and high-pressure air coming out from the
external heater is passed through the gas turbine.
• The fluid coming out from the turbine is cooled to its original
temperature in the cooler using external cooling source before passing
to the compressor.
• This is called ideal Brayton/Joule cycle. The ideal Brayton cycle is
made up of four internally reversible processes.
• 1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
• 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
• 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection
CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
 Gas turbine efficiency
• Gas turbines may operate either on a closed or on an open cycle. The
majority of gas turbines currently in use operate on the open cycle in
which the working fluid, after completing the cycle is exhausted to the
atmosphere. The air fuel ratio used in these gas turbines is
approximately 60:1.
• The ideal cycle for gas turbine is Brayton Cycle or Joule Cycle.

s
PV and TS diagram of Brayton cycle
 Gas turbine efficiency
• The cold air at 3 is fed to the inlet of the compressor where it is
compressed along 3-4 and then fed to the combustion chamber
where it is heated at constant pressure along 4-1.
• The hot air enters the turbine at 1 and expands adiabatically
along 1-2 and is then cooled at constant pressure along 2-3.
• Heat supplied to the system = 𝒄𝒑 (𝑻𝟏 – T4)
• Heat rejected from the system = 𝒄𝒑 (T2 – T3)
• where 𝒄𝒑 = Specific heat at constant pressure,
• Work done = Heat supplied – Heat rejected
• = 𝒄𝒑 (𝑻𝟏 – T4) – 𝒄𝒑 (T2 – T3)
• Thermal efficiency (η) of Brayton Cycle
• η = Work done/Heat Supplied
.
γ= Cp/Cv =ratio of specific heats
 Improvement in open cycle

• An improvement in the open cycle performance can be

effected by the addition of a heat exchanger which raises
the temperature of the compressed air entering the turbine
by lowering the exhaust gas temperature which is a waste
otherwise.
• Less fuel is now required in the combustion chamber to
attain a specified inlet temperature.
• This is called a regenerative cycle.
Regenerative cycle
Regenerative cycle
 Combined cycle(co-generation)
power plants
• It has been found that a considerable amount of heat
energy goes as a waste with the exhaust of the gas turbine.
This energy must be utilized. The complete use of the
energy available to a system is called the total energy
approach.
• The objective of this approach is to use all of the heat
energy in a power system at the different temperature levels
at which it becomes available to produce work, or steam, or
the heating of air or water, thereby rejecting a minimum of
energy waste.
• The best approach is the use of combined cycles.
 Combined cycle(co-generation)
• power
Fig. shows a combination plants
of an open cycle gas turbine and steam
turbine. The exhaust of gas turbine which has high oxygen content is
used as the inlet gas to the steam generator where the combustion of
additional fuel takes place.
• For a given total power output the energy input is reduced (i.e., saving
in fuel) and the installed cost of gas turbine per unit of power output is
about one-fourth of that of steam turbine.
• In other words, the combination cycles exhibit higher efficiency.
 Applications of gas turbines
.
P
Problem(1)
• In a Brayton cycle based power plant, the air at the inlet is
at 27C, 0.1 M Pa. The pressure ratio is 6.25and the
maximum temperature is 800C. Find (a) the compressor
work per kg of air (b) the turbine work per kg or air (c) the
heat supplied per kg of air, and (d) the cycle efficiency.
T-S diagram(P#1)
 Problem(2)

• In a constant pressure open cycle gas turbine air

enters at 1 bar and 20°C and leaves the compressor at
5 bar. Using the following data; Temperature of
gases entering the turbine = 680°C, pressure loss in
the combustion chamber = 0.1 bar, ηcomp. = 85%,
ηturb. = 80%, ηcombustion = 85%,
• γ = 1.4 and cp = 1.024 kJ/kg K for air and gas, find:
• (1) The quantity of air circulation if the plant
develops 1065 kW.
2) Heat supplied per Kg of air circulation.
• (3) The thermal efficiency of the cycle. Mass of the
fuel may be neglected.
T-S diagram for regenerative cycle(P#1)