WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION

INTERNSHIP REPORT AT ETHIOTELECOM

DEPARTEMENT OF NETWORK OPERATION AND

MAINTENANCE
Acknowledgements
 First of all, we would like to thank Jimma University for accepting the
university industry linkage (UIL) program because it has an enormous
benefit to the students, especially for the technology students.
 Next, we would like to thank Electrical and Computer Engineering
department for the collaboration it made with different companies in
placing the students for the program.
 On the other way, we would like to thank our company supervisor Ato
Nebeyu Mohammed for his daily guidance and support during our
internship stay and for his encouragement to take advantage of the
company works and to look for practical problems and their solutions.
 We also would like to express our gratitude to Ato Abebe Abera for
helping us and familiarize ourselves to the company, providing us with
the related materials and generally for making sure that we have
everything we need during the four month stay.
 At last, we are so grateful for the guidance and help we received from the
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department from Ato Feyisa Debo
and Ato Zelalem Hailu .
Executive Summary
 This is the internship report based on the four month long internship
program that we had successfully completed in the Ethiotelecom, Addis
Ababa, working in PSTN, NGN and IP from March 19, 2013 to July 19, 2013 as a
requirement of our bachelor degree program on department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering in Jimma University.
 In the chapter one we deal with brief history of ethiotelecom and its main
product and services.
 In Ethiotelecom we have worked as network operation and maintenance.
 As a communication engineers, we spent a good time and learnt to deal with
different operation and maintenance of PSTN, NGN and IP in chapter two of
our report.
 During our stay we involved ourselves in the real tasks that are expected from
a network operation and maintenance engineer.
 In chapter three, it explains the overall benefits of the internship that we have
gained.
 The final chapter was chapter four that deals with the conclusion and
recommendation of our final report
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY
Brief history of Ethiotelecom
Introduction
 Ethiotelecom was started after the previous company titled Ethiopian
Telecommunication Corporation or ETC which is now replaced by Ethiotelecom.
 Telecommunications service was introduced in Ethiopia in 1894, 17 years after it
is introduced to the world .
 The first major telephone line constructed spanned a total distance of 477 Km
and connects Harar a major trade center in eastern region with Addis Ababa.
 Immediately after the telephone line, a telegraph line was installed following the
construction of the first and only rail way line in Ethiopia.
 By 1930 a route distance of 7000 km was completed and over 170 towns were
being served by the telephone network.
 In 1932 Ethiopia becomes the member of ITU (International telecommunication
Union).
 By 1952 the communications sector comes one step to the front due to the
establishment of IBTE (Imperial Board of Telecommunications In Ethiopia) by
proclamation number 132/52 on October which was independent of telegraph
and post.
 In 1972 a new organizational structure was made and Ethiopian
Telecommunications Authority (ETA) was established.
 At last when we come to recent days we can see the transformation from ETC to
Ethiotelecom.
 Ethiotelecom was born on Monday 29th November 2010, from this ambition of
supporting the steady growth of our country as public enterprise on
proclamation no 197/2010 of council of ministers.
 The organizational structure, vision and mission, end users and services and
products will be covered in the next sections of this chapter.
 Main products and services of Ethiotelecom.
 Ethiotelecom as a company has many product and services offered to its

customers.
 The overall description of main products and services is as follows.
1.Fixed line
 Fixed line or Public switched telephone network (PSTN):
 Fixed wireless CDMA(Code Division Multiply Access)
 ISDN (Integrated services digital network)
 Fixed line value added services
2. Mobile services
 GSM Mobile (prepaid/ postpaid)
 WCDMA(Wide Code Division Multiply Access)
 GOTA (global open trucking architecture)
 Satellite mobile telephone
 Mobile roaming service
 3. Internet and data
Broad band internet
 Broad band internet is a relatively fast internet service provided
thoroughly wired and wireless connections
1.Wired broad band internet
 The wired broad band is provided through copper or fiber with different
access methods (ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+ and VDSL2)
2.Wireless broad band internet
 The wireless can be given through EVDO, VSAT and AIRONET. EVDO is
standard for high speed wireless broad band
 Broad band data (MPLS-VPN)(multiprotocol labeled switch- Virtual
private network ).
 Internet VAS(value added services)
Customers of Ethiotelecom
 Generally the customers or end users of Ethiotelecom are the entire
people in the whole country where the company’s network coverage is
there.
 The overall organizational structure and work
flow
 Ethiotelecom get organized under the control of France Telecom
(FT) as it is scheduled on the transformation of Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporations to Ethiotelecom for these two
years after the reborn of telecommunications service in Ethiopia
before.
 But now ethiotelecom is working with China’s company like that
of ZTE (Zhongxing Telecommunication Equipment) and Huawei.
 Generally the organizational structure of the company can be
depicted as shown in the following figure.
 Board of Directors

Chief of Executive Chief of Operating

officer Officer

Jean-Michel Latute Daniel Fermine

Chief of Finance Chief Internal

Officer Audit Officer

Woldegabriel Tewolde Andualem Admassie

Chief of Legal
Chief Security
Officer
Officer

Colonel Gudeta
Lemma Tesemma Olana

Chief of Sourcing
PMO officer
And Facilities Officer

Jean Marie Veron

Jean Beraud

Chief Human Resource Chief of Quality

Officer And process Officer

Kidist Zegeye Christian Galdemas

Chief Residential Chief Enterprises Chief Customer Chief Technical Chief Information
Marketing and Sales Officer Services Officer Officer

Patrick Boulet Eric Frachon

Andria Ramaherijaona
Denis Nicolas Desbareau Michel Levet
CHAPTER TWO
OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
 By March 19, 2013 We reach inside the compound with all of the trainees
who are around 83 come from Jimma institute of technology,Adama Science
And institute of Technology and Addis Ababa institute of technology .
Work section and its work flow in Ethiotelecom Company
There are different divisions in ethiotelecom which are allowed for student to
practice during their internship for four month this division is:
 The network division
 The customer service division
 The information system division and
 The enterprise division
From these divisions the first division (network division) has five departments
under the main division. These departments are
 FAN-Fixed Access Network
 Network engineering
 O&M-Operation and Maintenance
 Network project rollout
 Network operation center (NOC)
By our chance we join to network operation and maintenance department.
Developments of Network in Ethiotelecom
The 1st generation fixed-line network
 Analog switching
 Service: Voice
The 2nd generation fixed-line network
 TDM and digital switching
 Service: Voice
The 3rd generation fixed-line network
 Based on IP network and Soft switch technology
 Service: Voice/Data/Multi-Media
Operation of Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs)
It is communication systems that are available to the public to allow users to
interconnect communication devices.
Public telephone networks include
 local loops (access lines)
 switching systems
 transmission systems
 databases (such as numbering plans) and call processing software and
hardware (computers)
Local Loop (access lines)
The local loop is the connection (wireless or wired) between a customer’s
telephone or data equipment and a Local exchange carrier or other telephone
service provider.
 Local loop has been composed of copper wires that extend from the end office
switch.
 The EO is the last switching office in the telephone network that connects
customers to the telephone network.
 The EO switch cables meet the copper (or other types of lines) at the main
distribution frame (MDF).
 The MDF is a wiring rack that allows technicians to splice the local loop lines
with the lines from the switching system.
 Local loop lines leave the MDF in bundles (possibly thousands of wires in each
bundle) and arrive in other junction points such as local distribution frames
(LDF).
 The LDF allows the connection of the final connection (the “drop”) to the
business or residence.
 At the entry to the customer’s location, there is often a network termination
(NT) device that isolates the telephone network from the wiring inside the
customers building
Operation of public switched telephone
network
Switching Systems:
 It setup, maintain, and disconnect connections between multiple
communication lines.
 Ethiotelecom Public telephone switching systems have many switches
within their network.
 A typical switch can handle up to 10,000 communication lines each.

Technology of Public Switched Telephone Network (TPSTN)in

Ethiotelecom:
 Some of the key technologies behind the operation of the public telephone
network of ethiotelecom include interconnection lines, network common
control signaling, and intelligent call processing.
 Several types of interconnection systems are used to provide access to
different services and systems available through the PSTN.
 To coordinate the overall operation of the PSTN, a standard common control
signaling (CCS) system is typically used.
 The use of intelligent call processing can combines the use of efficient high-
speed interconnection lines with common control signaling to provide for
advanced services such as call forwarding, telephone number portability, and
prepaid services.
Public Telephone System Interconnection in ethiotelecom:
 There are many types of interconnection options available to connect public
telephone systems to other public telephone networks or private telephone
networks.

 The type of connection selected depends on the type of private system,

telecommunications regulations, and the needs of the company that uses the
private telephone system.

 In addition to standard telephone system connection types, there are also

private line connections that may be used to link private branch exchange
(PBX) systems together.

 There are two types of connections that are used between switching systems:

 Line side and trunk side. Line side connections are an interconnection line
between the customer’s equipment and the last switch EO in the telephone
network.
 Comparing PSTN and NGN

Intelligent Server

CPU Unified Service

Platform
Soft Switch

Signaling
Switching Array Module

IP Core
SS7
Signaling
Gateway

Trunk Module User

Access Module

Access
Trunk
Gateway
Gateway

shows some part of public switched telephone and next generation network.
16
NGN (Next Generation Network):

 The PSTN is a centralized architecture while soft switch architecture offers a

distributed architecture.
 NGN is a packet-based network able to provide Telecommunication services
and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS enabled transport
technologies and in which service-related functions are independent from
underlying transport-related technologies.

 Existing networks migration towards NGN

 connection of other networks to IP networks

 interworking in the area of addressing,

 roaming a mobility

 Separation of call and service

 Separation of call control and bearer

 Base on IP, including voice, fax, data, video and multimedia Standard protocol
Conceptual Model Layers of Next Generation Network (NGN):

The access layer

 Provides the infrastructure, for example an access network between the end
user and the transport network.
The Transport Layer:
 Ensures the transport between the individual nodes (points) of the network,
to which are connected access networks
The Control Layer:
 Includes the control of services and network elements.
 This layer is responsible for set-up/establishing, control and cancelling of the
multimedia session.
The Service Layer
 Offers the basic service functions, which can be used to create more complex
and sophisticated services and applications.
 It controls the progress of the service based on its logic.
 New concepts and architectures of new generation of ICT (Information and
Communication Technology) based on converged ICT and NGN offer to
operators new opportunities to implement and provide wide spectrum of
multimedia services and applications.
Why We Need NGN Service Characteristic In Ethiotelecom:
 A new telecommunications network for broadband fixed access

 NGN facilitates convergence of networks and services

 NGN enables different business models across access, core network and service
domains

 NGN will be an IP based network

 NGN enables any IP access to Operator IMS; from

 Mobile domain

 Home domain

 Enterprise domain

 NGN enables service mobility

 NGN enables interworking towards circuit switched voice

 NGN SERVICES CHARACTERISTIC

INDIVIDUAL NEW SERVICES

USER

Personal assistant
Single account BROADBAND
Instant message
Voice mailbox
Unified message MULTIMEDIA

REAL TIME
GROUP USER

INDIVIDUALITY

E-BUSINESS
MOBILITY
OFFICE ASSISTANT
REMOTE EDUCATIONS
TELEPHONE
CONFERENCE
WEB CONFERENCE

next generation network service characteristics

NGN Standard Soft switch Based Architectures of the Company:
Now ethiotelecom NGN architecture based on software switching technology
(soft switch) can be supposed as first and unique evolution step in NGN of
ethiotelecom, although there is more modern architecture available nowadays.

Media Gateway Controller/call agent/soft switches:

 Provide call routing, network signaling, billing, and other logical functions.
Media Gateway:
 Operate within transport plane, perform (transcoding, echo cancellation,
jitter managing), tones processing and management of information transport.
Trucking gateways:
 Interface between the PSTN/PLMN and VoIP network
Residential gateways:
 Provide traditional analog (RJ11) interface to Voice over internet Protocol
network
Access gateways:
 provide traditional analog or PBX interface to VoIP network
Signaling network:
 Provide change of signalization systems between PSTN or PLMN (Public Land
Mobile Network) network to VoIP network
Application Server:
 Perform specialized service logic call control, also includes more
functionalities in terms of user web interface, end-points management, etc.
 For example it can provide specific video conferencing service, Call Centre
service or IP Centrex service.

Media Server:
 Provides functionalities allow interaction between calling party and
application using end-point device.
 It provides Media Resource Functions (tones detection, speech synthesis
and recognition, compressions, media mixing, etc.) and Media Control
Functions – control of media functions (voice message play management,
conference bridge, fax messages management, etc.).

Element of NGN network:

SS:SoftSwitch core of NGN network:
 Call control processing
 Protocol Adaptation
 Service Interface Provision
 Application System Support
SG：Signaling Gateway
 Accomplishing signaling translation from PSTN to IP

TG：Trunk Gateway
 Accomplishing voice translation from PSTN to IP

MSAG：Multi-Service Access Gateway

 Accessing subscribers

IAD:Integrated Access Device

 Accessing subscribers

BGW：Broadband Gateway
 Interconnecting public network and private network

SHLR: Smart Home Location Register

 Storing subscribers data

Application Server
 Providing API (Application Programming Interface) for
different service.
 SUPPORTING
PLATFROM
SERVICES SHLR APPS

CONTROL OAM
PART SOFT SWITCH SOFT SWITCH

NMS
CORE
LAYER
IP NETWORK

TRUCK SIGNALING ACCESS BROADBAND INTELLIGE BILLING

ACCESS NT
LAYER GATEWAY GATEWAY GATEWAY GATEWAY
GATEWAY

BROADBAND OTHER
PSTN
ACCESS NGN

IP PHONE IP TV

next generation network standard architecture in ethiotelecom

 How calling is happening from one office to another
office throughout soft switch in next generation architecture
The Softswitch activates of ethiotelecom
“One Number” service after
analyzing the number. If APP can’t splice or join together
APP process this service called party，then apply Media
NMS Softswitch 2 APP Media Server Server to play Announcement Tone
4 to the calling party，after
Announcement Tone completed,
Softswitch releases the call
3
Home

Lan Switch IAD

APP send message to
Softswitch after choose Internet
continuity number ,then ask
Softswitch to splice called
party

Office
ATM/IP Network
PSTN
TG

TG
Mobile
PLMN
PSTN 1 Calling Party Dial
“One number”

25
IP (Internet protocol):
 IP Addressing in ethiotelecom
 IP Network Layers and their Functions in ethiotelecom
Ip Addressing:
 Ip addressing is logical addressing.
 It works on network layer (layer 3).
 There are two version of internet protocol (ip) addressing scheme.
 Ip version 4 - 32 bit addressing This version is used in all world include
ethiotelecom.
 Ip version 6-128 bit addressing

Ip addressing classes:
The total ip addressing range is extended from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
This total ip addressing scheme is divided into five classes.
 Class A
 Class B
 Class C
 This three are used for both wide area network and local area network.
 Class D is used for multicasting
 Class E is used for research and development
 Sub netting of internet protocol (ip)
 There are three types of sub netting
 Sub netting when given a required number of networks
 Sub netting when given a required number of clients
 Given an IP address & Subnet Mask, finding original network range
The work task that we have done in the Ethiotelecom
Sub netting when given a required number of networks
1. The service provider from ethiotelecom has given us the Class C network ip
which has range 209.50.1.0 Then we break the network into 20 separate subnets.
 We determine the number of subnets and convert to binary the binary
representation of 20 = 00010100.
 Then reserve required bits in subnet mask and find incremental value.
 The binary value of 20 subnets tells us that we need at least 5 network bits to
satisfy this requirement.
 We cannot get the number 20 with any less than 5 bits 10100)our original
subnet
 Mask is 255.255.255.0 (Class C subnet) The full binary representation of the
subnet mask is as follows:255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000.
 We must convert 5 of the client bits (0) to network bits (1) in order to satisfy the
requirements: New Mask = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
If we convert the mask back to decimal, we now have the subnet mask that will be
used on all the new networks 255.255.255.248
 Our increment bit is the last possible network bit, converted back to a binary
number: New Mask = 11111111.11111111.11111111.1111(1)000 bit with the parenthesis is
our increment bit. If we convert this bit to a decimal number, it becomes the
number 8
 Use increment to find network ranges
209.50.1.0
209.50.1.8
209.50.1.16
209.50.1.24
209.50.1.32 and etc.
 We can now fill in our end ranges, which is the last possible IP address before
we start the next range
209.50.1.0 – 209.50.1.7
209.50.1.8 – 209.50.1.15
209.50.1.16 – 209.50.1.23
209.50.1.24– 209.50.1.31
…etc.
 We can then assign these ranges to our networks.
 The first and last addresses from each range (network / broadcast IP) are
unusable.
2. The Class B private IP address range 172.16.0.0 is given from server provide of the
company then we subnet this is into 60 different subnets.
 We determine the number of subnets and convert to binary.
The binary representation of 60 = 00111100
 Then reserve required bits in subnet mask and find incremental value
From the binary value of 60 subnets we need at least 6 network bits to satisfy this
requirement.
(we get the number 60 with any less than 6 bits 111100)
 The original subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 (Class B subnet)
 The full binary representation of the subnet mask is as follows:
255.255.0.0 = 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
 We must convert 6 of the client bits (0) to network bits (1) in order to satisfy the
requirements:
New Mask = 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
If we convert the mask back to decimal, we now have the subnet mask that will be used on
all the new networks 255.255.252.0
 Our increment bit is the last possible network bit, converted back to a binary number:
New Mask = 11111111.11111111.11111(1)00.00000000 – bit with the parenthesis is your increment
bit.
 If you convert this bit to a decimal number, it becomes the number 4
Use increment to find network ranges
172.16.0.0
172.16.4.0
172.16.8.0 and etc.
The last possible IP address before you start the next range
172.16.0.0 – 172.16.3.255
172.16.4.0 – 172.16.7.255
172.16.8.0 – 172.16.11.255 and etc.

LAN Design for Network Operation and Maintenance Class

 To design the LAN for each company, we will consider the central
site, Network operation and maintenance located in the capital Addis
Ababa as a model.
 The Network operation and maintenance is organized in to 6
departments. Each department will have sub department as necessary.
 For instance, the Internal internet protocol maintenance, internet
protocol engineering, next generation network and public switch
telephone network department .
 The engineers in these departments/units need to communicate
whenever there is a problem occurred on network designed of
ethiotelecom. Based on the following the network was designed.
 The abundance of the network technology in the market.
 Simplicity of installation and maintenance.
 To design the LAN architecture we have selected the hierarchical model.
 It enables us to design and arrange the inter-network devise in layers.
 WAN

GATEWAY
SWITCH

SERVERS CORE LAYER

FIREWALL

DISTRIBUTION
LAYER
WORKGROUP
OF ROUTERS
BLOCK B
BLOCK A BLOCK C BLOCK E
BLOCK D
ACCESS
LAYER

VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN

HOST

DEPARTMENT 4 DEPARTMENT 6
DEPARTMENT 1 DEPARTMENT 2 DEPARTMENT 3 DEPARTMENT 5
CLASS OF SOFTSWITCH FOR ACCESS INTERNET
STUDY IP STUDY NGN STUDY PSTN FREE CLASS
Challenges we faced and measures we have taken
There are many challenges we faced during our internship report in ethiotelecom.
 Lack of practical knowledge related to our work
 There is no enough access of materials like that of computer.
 The supervisors didn’t give much of their time for us and there is no one who
order us to know some practices about operation and maintenance of
ethiotelecom network.
 We didn’t expose too much for practical works
The measures we have taken:
 By dealing with our supervisors we got some documents and put all our effort
to read them. After reading those documents we got some basic knowledge
about network operation and maintenance of ethiotelecom. Basically we are
going to study about the software base switch (soft switch) operation and their
function in ethiotelecom.
 As explained before we are going to search for the appropriate materials from
our supervisors for practice and we get one computer with two students .But
this is not enough for us but we are still continue or work by sharing knowledge
we have got from ethiotelecom documents.
 In our department which is network operation and maintenance there are
many secured class for this we don’t get the chance to visit this but by asking
our supervisors repeatly we try to see some workshop of ethiotelecom.
Ethiotelecom’s Internet protocol (IP):

The general internet protocol network layers and their function in

ethiotelecom
CHAPTER THREE
OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP
 After our university was accepted these programs from the ministry of
education students are implement this program to develop their theoretical
knowledge toward practical knowledge.
 So we as students of Jimma University there are many things that we get our
practical knowledge from ethiotelecom company for more than four months
duration.
 In addition to practical knowledge we also get many things like how we can
operate and design public switched telephone network (PSTN), next generation
network (NGN) based on software switching and sub netting of internet
protocol by sharing with our theoretical knowledge we got before.
 Set the ip address, subnet mask and configuring https for server
 sub netting of internet protocol and setting it for router and computer
 Operation of public switch telephone network
 Operation of next generation network
 The general operation of ethiotelecom network
 Improving interpersonal Communication Skills and Improving Team playing
skills
 Improving Leader ship Skills and Understanding Work ethics
 Improving Entrepreneurship Skills
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
 Ethiotelecom is the sole telecommunication services provider in Ethiopia
and it is the largest state owned company in Ethiopia.
 Ethiotelecom provides fixed line telephony, mobile telephone, Internet and
multimedia service.
 ET uses satellites, digital radio multi-access system (DRAMS), very small
aperture terminal (VSAT) and etc.
 In the field of telecommunication, a telephone exchange or telephone
switch is a system of electronic components that connect telephone calls.
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent
from one computer to another on the Internet and it uses the following
equipments.
 The experience of working at ethiotelecom was great.
 Generally the benefit of the internship includes like Improving practical
skills, Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge, Improving interpersonal
Communication Skills, Improving Team playing skills, Improving Leader
ship Skills, Understanding Work ethics and Entrepreneurship Skills
 So we can conclude that Ethiotelecom is the largest telecommunication
services provider in Ethiopia
Recommendation
 We recommend ethiotelecom to place intern students in their choice of
department, call students on time so that the whole internship period would be
used efficiently, prepare computers for all interns so that they will not be
delayed in working on their projects and prepare supervisors for the whole
internship period.
 Many department of ethiotelecom are secured because we have not get chance
to enter and work in that area so here we recommend the department to allow
the secured department for students by giving many information about
department. .
 By giving detail training on the devices used in different sections for students
(interns) it is better to give a chance to them to practice working with the
devices.
 The company must have to visit the work of the interns with some scheduled
period of time.
 Since there are some sections who didn’t give practical project for their
internship practice for students, it is better that the company must organize the
workers of those sections and makes them ready for the next round.
 We also recommend Jimma University Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering to send mentors to ethiotelecom periodically that is every month so
that they should have to check the student result