ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE II

Prepared By:
Mariam Felani Shaari

http://cdn4.spiegel.de/images/image-643267-galleryV9-udpb-643267.jpg
 ARTIFICIAL ARCHITECTURAL
LIGHTING ACOUSTICS

 Introduction to the Visual  Principles of Sounds

Environment
 Effect of Noise on Man &
 Principles in the Artificial Noise Control
Lighting
 Architectural Acoustics
 Integrated Lighting Design

 Calculation
INTEGRATED LIGHTING DESIGN
 INTGRATED VS. NON-INTEGRATED
INTEGRATED LIGHTING NON-INTEGRATED LIGHTING
 For applications that prioritise light quality  For applications that don’t prioritise light quality
- High-end retail stores, Healthcare, Offices - Domestic

 Offer great light quality  Offer low light quality

- Higher lumen output - Ununiformed lighting
- Uniformed lighting - Chance of using different bulb types in every
replacement
 Appealing to  Appealing to
- Retail premises owners - Building managers, Contractors, Electricians,
- Industrial premises owners Residential owners
 Offer long term maintenance costs savings  Offer short term maintenance costs savings
- One off maintenance costs - Only change things that need to be changed
 Less maintenance duration  Involve multiple times of maintenance
- Contractor services costs could be higher
 Do not offer flexibility, but offering better  Offer flexibility & mobility
connectivity controls - Plug-in type - Bulbs could be individually
- Modular type replaced after they burn out
- Less choice of fixtures - Available in various colours, textures, shapes,
- Less design options sizes, beam spreads
- Could be installed in various configurations
LIGHTING TECHNIQUES
(INDOOR)
 Ceiling Mounted
 Wall Mounted
 Furniture Mounted
 Portable
 RECESSED DOWNLIGHT

 Mounted on ceiling
• Comes in many shapes -
Round/Square/Rectangle
 Light direction:
• Downwards
 Function:
• To illuminate large areas evenly
 Contains:
• Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
• Linear Fluorescent Lamps
• Halogen Reflector Lamps
• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
 CEILING FIXTURE

 Mounted on ceiling
 Light direction:
• Downwards
• Upwards
• Both
 Function:
• To illuminate large areas
evenly with soft/diffused light
• To improve aesthetics of the
rooms - comes in many
designs
• Contains:
• Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFL)
• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
 TRACK LIGHTING FIXTURE
 Mounted on ceiling
 Light direction:
• Flexible depending on the needs
• The lamps can be turned around to
follow furniture placement
• The tracks are movable for more
flexible arrangements
 Function:
• To illuminate specific areas/large
areas depending on the amount &
arrangement of the tracks
• Some of the lamps are designed to
improve aesthetics of the rooms
 Contains:
• Spot light, Floodlights
• Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
 WALL SCONCES

 Mounted on walls
• Can be positioned vertically/horizontally
 Light direction:
• Upwards
• Downwards
• Both
 Function:
 To light a wall evenly (wall-wash)
 To facilitate visual tasks that involve walls
 Contains:
• Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
• Linear Fluorescent Lamps
• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
 CORNICE LIGHTING
 Mounted on furniture/ceiling
• Lamps are installed
(hidden) beneath a
cornice
 Light direction:
• Downwards only
 Function:
• To give a dramatic effect
on drapery/ pictures/wall
coverings
 Contains:
• Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFL)
• Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs)
 PORTABLE LAMPS
 Not mounted on anything
• Can be moved when needed
• Comes in many designs & functions
 Light direction:
• Flexible depending on the design
 Function:
• To facilitate specific task
• To act as decorative accessories
• Contains:
• Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
• Linear Fluorescent Lamps
• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
TECHNIQUES
(INDOOR)
 Built-in: Ceiling Mounted
 Built-in: Wall Mounted
 BUILT-IN LIGHTING
Architectural Lighting = Built-in Lighting

 Contains:
• Incandescent Lamps
• Linear Fluorescent Lamps (most basic)
• Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
• May contain reflectors to increase the lighting efficiency
 Advantage:
• Adds visual interest to the ceiling & wall
• Conceals lamps from view (using shielding boards)
 Disadvantage:
• Can highlights finish imperfections
• Taping
• Sanding irregularities
• Can give flat appearance
 Types:
• Mounted on ceiling
• Mounted on walls
• Mounted underneath/on top of cabinets
 SHIELDING BOARDS
 Function: Conceal the lamps from view
 Types: Cove, Soffit, Valance
 Lamp Position: Horizontal, Vertical, Slightly angled

Lamps positions inside shielding boards

 Design & Materials

• Designed with ease of cleaning & replacing the lamps
• Metal, Wood, Plywood, Gypsum Board (Drywall)
• Finished with paint, wallpaper borders, fabrics that are reflective

 Ways to secure the lamps with shielding boards

• Attached to the ceiling/wall
- Reduces the weight on the shielding boards
- Use angles, hinges, wood blocking
• Attached to the shielding boards
- Putting weight on the shielding boards
- Use metal brackets, wood blocking screwed, lag bolted to the rear wall
 COVE LIGHTING
 Cove produced indirect lighting
• Light is directed upwards to the
ceiling & reflected off the ceiling
& bathes the entire room in
indirect light

 Application: Cove
• Primary Lighting
General illumination
• Accent Lighting
Highlight decorative ceilings

 Lamp Placement:
• Placing continuous series of
fluorescent tubes into a cove
panel along the celling/walls of
a room about 12 inches from
the ceiling
 SOFFIT/CORNICES LIGHTING
 Soffit produced direct lighting
• Light is directed downwards

 Application: Soffit
• Dramatic/Mood Lighting Soffit
Walls, Draperies, Murals
• Accent Lighting
Highlights textured surfaces –
Wood, Brick, Stucco
• Task Lighting
Facilitates tasks that involve
vision

 Lamp Placement:
• Placing light fixture into a soffit
panel fixed to a ceiling/ under a
cabinet/over a work areas
 VALANCE LIGHTING
 Valance produced direct & indirect lighting
• Upper portion of the Valance act as Cove
Light is directed upwards to the ceiling &
reflected off the ceiling & bathes the entire
Valance
room in indirect light Valance
• Lower portion of the Valance act as Soffit
Light is directed downwards to shine on the
drapery

 Application:
• Dramatic/Mood Lighting
Walls, Ceilings
• Accent Lighting
Highlight decorative ceilings

 Lamp Placement:
• Placing a horizontal fluorescent tube behind
a valance board, fixed
LIGHTING TECHNIQUES
(OUTDOOR)
 DOWNLIGHTING/MOONLIGHTING
 Achieved by mounting a light fixture
onto a structure or in a tree, to cast
light downward
 Usage:
- Most common – Offices, Homes
 Advantage:
- Easy to design
 Disadvantage:
- Glare
- Excessive energy consumption
due to large number of halogen
downlights.
LED improved this by approx. 90%
 Lighting fixture:
- Bullet fixture
- Spotlight
- LED
 UPLIGHTING
 Achieved by placing a light fixture, at
the base of the object to be lit, to cast
the light upward, bounce the light off
the ceiling and back down
 Usage:
- Less common
 Advantage:
- Diffused lighting
- Uniform general illuminance
- Shadow free lighting
- Minimal glare
 Disadvantage:
- Completely reliant upon the
reflectance value of the surface
 Lighting fixture:
- Bullet fixture
- Ground well light fixture
 BACKLIGHTING/SILLHOUTE LIGHTING
 Achieved by placing a light fixture in
between the wall & an object
 Usage:
- Quite commonly
 Advantage:
- A special effect that lights a
background (i.e. wall) making the
object in front of the lighting to
appear as a dark shape (silhouette)
- Lighting around/through an object
for accent purposes
 Disadvantage:
- Can produce glare near eye level if
its placed at the side of the object
- Tends to make the subjects look flat
as its casts almost no visible
shadows
 Lighting fixture:
- Wash light fixtures
 SHADOWING

 Achieved by placing a light fixture in

front of an object with a background
(i.e. wall, structure) behind it
 Usage:
- Less common
 Advantage:
- A special effect that can cast
shadow of an object onto its
background (i.e. wall, structure)
 Lighting fixture:
- Bullet light fixture
- Ground well light fixture
 PATH/SPREAD LIGHTING
Achieved by placing light fixtures on the
ground to create pools of light along a
walkway/in planter beds
 Usage:
- Common
 Advantage:
- Lighting the walkways, ground cover &
garden beds
- Gently washing the areas with a broad
blanket of subtle illumination
 Light fixture:
- Spread light fixture
- Taller path fixture
LIGHT COLOUR PROPERTY
(CCT & CRI)
 LIGHT COLOUR PROPERTY

Indication of the general “warmth”/ “coolness”

appearance of the emitted light when the light source is
heated to a particular temperature.
Measured in Kelvin (K).
Correlated Colour
COLOUR PROPERTY

- Opposite to the temperature (°C) scale

Temperature
- High CCT = Cool = Bluish-white
(CCT)
- Low CCT = Warm = Yellowish-white
Two light sources may emit lights of the same warmth/
coolness appearance, but their effects on objects’
colours can be quite different.

Indication of the light source ability to render objects’

Colour “natural” colour.
Rendering Index Measured in scale of 0 – 100.
(CRI) - High CRI = High colour rendering ability
- Low CRI = Low colour rendering ability
CORRELATED COLOUR TEMPERATURE (CCT)

Soft/Warm White Light Bright/Cool White Light

Source: https://www.batteriesplus.com/blog/lighting/seeing-things-in-a-different-light
 CORRELATED COLOUR TEMPERATURE (CCT)

Daylight
(5000K –
6500K)

Bright/
Cool
White
Light
(3500K –
4100K)

Soft/
Warm
White
Light
(2700K –
3000K)
CCT APPLICATIONS BY ROOMS

DAYLIGHT (5000K – 6500K)

Bathrooms, Kitchen, Basements, Reading Room,
Makeup Room.
 Bluish - Whitish light appearance.
 Provides greatest contrast.
 Great for working, reading & accent lighting.

BRIGHT/COOL WHITE LIGHT (3500K – 4100K) Office, Garage

Kitchen, Bathroom, Workspace. Security/Outdoor. 4000K – 7000K
 Whiter light appearance. Bathroom
 Energetic feel. 3500K – 4100K
 Increase attentiveness/concentration. Kitchen
 Reduce sleepiness. 3000K – 4100K
 Improve memory.

SOFT/WARM WHITE LIGHT (2700K – 3000K)

Living Room
Bedroom, Dining Room, Living Room. 3000K
 Yellowish light appearance.
 Traditional cosy feel. Dining Room
3000K
 Smooth & Relaxing feel.
 Reduce depression & anxiety at night. Bedroom
 Great if have trouble sleeping. 2700K
 CORRELATED COLOUR TEMPERATURE (CCT) –
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
SIMILAR CCT (K), DIFFERENT CRI

Two light sources may emit lights of the same warmth/coolness appearance with the same
CCT, but their effects on objects’ colours can be quite different if they have different CRI.
 Comparison of CCT Rating Between Lamps Comparison of CRI Rating Between Lamps
CCT

CRI
 COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Comparison of CRI Rating Between Different Types of Lamps

LAMP TYPE AVERAGE CRI RATING

Incandescent 100

Tungsten Halogen 95

Fluorescent 95

Metal Halide 85

LEDs 80+ (some claim above 95)

High Pressure Sodium 25

Mercury-Vapour 17

Low Pressure Sodium -44

COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Comparison of High & Low CRI

80 CRI 92 CRI

CRI = 80 CRI = 92

Source : lowel.com
 COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is important in colour-critical applications.

Neonatal Care (Phototherapy)

 COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is important in colour-critical applications.

Art Restoration & Display

COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Living/Working Spaces
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Restaurants
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Retail
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Industry
 COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
Photography & Cinematography

Human Eyes Screen Display

 Television Lighting Consistency Index (TLCI) = Colour Rendering Index (CRI)

 TLCI levels with a score greater than 90 indicate a light source widely regarded for
television use, that will limit post-production time & labour costs
VISUAL EFFICIENCY
• Visual Field
• Visual Adaptation
• Visual Perception
ANTHROPOMETRIC & ERGONOMICS

Visual field Optimum visual field of a standing person

Optimum visual field of a sitting person doing Preferred visual field of a sitting person doing
vertical visual tasks horizontal visual tasks
 VISUAL ADAPTATION
 The eyes takes time Dark Light Rapid adaptation
to adapt to a new
level of brightness Light Dark Longer adaptation

Lighting design of a space is determined by:

Luminance (L)/Brightness Illuminance (E)

ɸ I L

E
 VISUAL ADAPTATION

Luminance (L)/Brightness
 The eyes can only processed a certain
range of Luminance (L) Contrast

Illuminance (E)
 The eyes simply cannot cope with Visual
Noise
 Visual Noise = Glare
A sharp contrast of Illuminance (E)
 VISUAL PERCEPTION
Good lighting design
• Aims to create conducive perceptual conditions

The importance of conducive perceptual conditions

• Allow us to work effectively
• Help us orient ourselves safely
• Promote our feeling of well-being in a particular environment
• Enhance our aesthetical sense of a space
 Feature Wall Perception – Light Distribution

The unstructured walls are perceived as The structured walls are perceived as
feature (dominant) walls background, not as a feature (dominant) wall

Wall Pattern Perception – Light Distribution

The aligned light is perceived as facilitating wall The misaligned light is perceived as disturbing
patterns wall patterns
 Colour Perception – Immediate Surroundings Colours

If the surrounding field is light, an identical If the surrounding field is dark, an identical
shade of grey will appear darker shade of grey will appear lighter

Background Perception – Luminous Beam Position

The light is perceived as background The light is perceived as a disturbing shape

LIGHTING EFFICIENCY
 DESIGNING ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
CONSIDERATIONS WHEN DESIGNING LIGHTING:
 Type of activities
 Light amount (Area-Light Ratio)
 Light colour (Affects colour of finishes & furniture)
 Light distribution/geometry
 Type of light fixture
 Light fixture ability to control brightness (To adjust Task-Ambient Light Brightness Ratio)
 Light fixture energy efficiency
 Light fixture durability (Life span)
 Light fixture costs (initial, maintenance, management)
 Light fixture practicality of maintenance
 Potential of sunlight utilisation
 Potential of aesthetical improvement
 Lighting effects on the user
• Ability to see without discomfort/disability glare/indirect glare (veiling reflection)
• Ability to see without strain
• Ability to prevent accidents
• Ability to facilitate visual tasks
 BASIC LIGHT ENERGY MANAGEMENT
IMPROVE LIGHTING CONTROLS

 Addressing different activities lighting separately

• Ambient Lighting requires so much less brightness than Task Lighting
• Example:
• Activity 1: Detailed drawing (Task Lighting)
1,000 lux on their desktop surface
• Activity 2: Ordinary paperwork (Task Lighting)
500 lux on their desktop surface
• Activity 3: Moving & lounging (Ambient Lighting)
150 lux for the rest of the room
 Dimming feature
 Ability to control light brightness
 To adjust Task-Ambient Light Brightness Ratio
SWITCH OFF WHEN NOT IN USE
 Improve user awareness
 Sensors
 Timers
 Photocells
 Timed Switches
 Energy Management Systems (EMS)
 Lighting Control Panels
 Building Automation Systems

PROPER MAINTENANCE

 Light levels decrease >50% due to  Maintenance options:

 Aging lamps  Cleaning equipment
 Dirt on lamp fixtures  Re-lamping
 Dirt on room surfaces –  Keep spaces bright & clean
ceiling, walls, finishes, etc.
GROUP RE-LAMPING/CLEANING
Lower overall costs
• Higher lamp costs
• Lower labour costs
Easier facility management
• Advanced maintenance
schedule time
• Easier to delegate maintenance
works to outside contractors
(specialist)
Higher lighting quality
• Lamps are replaced before their
output has fully depreciated
• Reduce mixing incompatible &
different colour temperatures
lamps
• Brighter & Uniformed lighting
SPOT RE-LAMPING/CLEANING
Higher overall costs
• Lower lamp costs
• Higher labour costs
Harder facility management
• Impromptu maintenance
Lower lighting quality
• Lamps are replaced
independently
• Higher chances of mixing
incompatible & different colour
temperatures lamps
• Ununiformed lighting
USE EFFICIENT LIGHT SOURCES

 Maximise natural light usage

 Use compatible light source
 Use energy efficient light source
• Fluorescent
• Electronic Ballasts
• High Intensity Discharge (HID) – High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
• High Intensity Discharge (HID) – Metal Halide (MH)
• High Intensity Discharge (HID) – Mercury Vapour (MV)
THANK YOU