Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
21
Development,
Maturation, Aging,
and Death
Lecture Presentation
by Suzanne Long,
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Monroe Community College
Fertilization Begins When a Sperm and Egg Unite
Optimal site
Oviduct of fertilization
Uterus
Secondary
oocyte
Head
Corona
Ovary radiata
Midpiece Sperm
Cytoplasm
Tail
Nucleus
Plasma
membrane
Cervix
First polar
body
Vagina
Zona
pellucida
a) The male gamete, or sperm. In this b) Fertilization. Fertilization generally c) The female gamete. The female gamete is
illustration, the size of a sperm relative takes place in the upper third of a secondary oocyte that is in an arrested
to the secondary oocyte has been the oviduct (Fallopian tube). state of stage II of meiosis.
greatly exaggerated.
Sperm
Corona radiata
Secondary oocyte
First polar body
Acrosome
Sperm nucleus releases enzymes.
Acrosome
Oocyte and sperm
plasma membranes fuse.
Granulosa cells
of corona radiata
Granules release
Zona pellucida
enzymes that make the
zona pellucida impenetrable.
Oocyte plasma
membrane
Egg nucleus
Second
meiotic
division
First polar body Polar bodies
(may divide)
a) A sperm nucleus has just entered the b) Completion of meiosis yields an c) The nuclei of the ovum
secondary oocyte, triggering ovum (egg) with a haploid nucleus and sperm fuse, and the
completion of meiosis II. and another polar body. If it has not polar bodies die. A single
already regressed, the original polar diploid cell called the zygote
body may divide as well. is formed, and fertilization
is complete.
Fraternal twins:
– Ovulation of more than any one oocyte, each of which
is fertilized by different sperm
– No more similar than any two siblings
– May be different genders
Identical twins:
– One oocyte fertilized
– Split into two pre-embryos before 16-cell stage
– Same gender, look alike
Diploid
nucleus
Zona
pellucida
Oviduct
Morula
Ovary
Blastocyst
Inner cell
mass
Hollow cavity
Trophoblast
Ectopic pregnancy
– Occurs when blastocyst implants in an oviduct prior to
reaching the uterus
– Oviduct is not large enough to support the
development of a full-term baby
– Ectopic pregnancies are often terminated to protect
the health of the mother
Amniotic cavity
Ectoderm
Trophoblast Amniotic
cell cavity
Ectoderm
Mesoderm Embryonic
disk
Endoderm
Endometrial
cells
Yolk sac
Development
– Chorion digests into endometrium, creating pool of
blood
– Placenta seals off the pool and projects chorionic villi
into maternal blood
– Villi contain blood capillaries connected through the
umbilical vessels to the fetus
Umbilical cord: two-way life line, connects placenta
to embryo’s circulation
Functions
– Filters nutrients, waste, and antibodies for the fetus
without mixing mother and fetal circulations
– This is the site of nutrient and gas exchange between
embryo and mother
– Some toxins or viruses may pass through:
– Alcohol, cocaine, HIV
– Endocrine
– Initially produces hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin
– Later produces estrogen and progesterone
Yolk sac
Amnion
Uterus
Umbilical cord
Amnion
Connection
to yolk sac
Cavity of uterus
a) The fetus is bathed in amniotic fluid within b) A closer view of portions of the placenta and umbilical cord, showing how
the amnion. Its only connection to the mother nutrients and gases are exchanged between maternal and fetal blood
is the umbilical cord. without mixing.
Day 15
– Embryonic disk elongates along one axis
– Primitive streak appears in embryonic disk
Days 19–24
– Neural tube develops: becomes brain and spinal cord
– Pharyngeal arches develop
– Somites (segments develop): bone, muscle, skin
End of week four
– Heart is beginning to develop
– Eye development begins
– Limb buds appear
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.9
Forebrain
Future lens
Pharyngeal arches
Developing heart
Upper limb bud
Somites
Neural tube forming
Lower limb bud
Tail
Y chromosome Y chromosome
present 6 weeks absent
10 weeks
Development requires
Development does
testosterone from
not require hormones.
developing testes.
Vaginal
Testes
opening
Birth approaching
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fetal Development: Nine Weeks to Birth
Months Three and Four
Eight weeks: marks the transition from embryonic to
fetal development
Months three and four
– Organ development
– Beginnings of organ function
– Kidneys, liver, spleen
– Cartilaginous skeleton is replaced with bone
– Bone marrow begins producing red blood cells
– Face develops
– There is rapid growth
Urethra
Vagina
Cervix
9-month-old fetus
Rectum
a) 9-month-old fetus. As birth approaches, b) Stage 1: dilation. The cervical opening widens.
the fetus usually is positioned with the head The amnion may break at this stage.
down and toward the cervix.
Placenta
Uterus
Umbilical
cord
c) Stage 2: expulsion. The fetus passes headfirst d) Stage 3: afterbirth. The placenta detaches
through the cervical canal and the vagina. from the uterus and is expelled along with the
remainder of the umbilical cord.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Transition from Fetus to Newborn
Aorta
Right
ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
Ductus venosus
(becomes connective
tissue)
Liver
Umbilical vein
Hepatic (becomes connective
portal vein tissue)
(from digestive
organs)
Umbilical
cord
Umbilical arteries
(become connective
tissue)
15 months—12 years
– There is continued growth of all systems
– Brain reaches 95% of its final size
– Immune system continues to mature
– Body form alters:
– long bones of arms and legs lengthen
– lumbar curve develops in the back
– abdominal musculature strengthens
– body form becomes adult-like
– Periods of slow growth are punctuated with growth
spurts
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adolescence: The Transition to Adulthood
Onset of puberty
– Is initiated by the release of GnRH (gonadotropin
releasing hormone) by the hypothalamus
– GnRH stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from
anterior pituitary
– FSH and LH stimulate the production of sex
hormones and the maturation of sex organs and
secondary sex characteristics
Brain: the last organ to reach full maturity
2 3 newborn 2 5 13 22 80
months months years years years years years
Three hypotheses:
1. Internal genetically determined program that counts
finite number of cell divisions, thus determining cell
death
2. Accumulation of cell damage or errors limits cells’
ability to repair themselves
– Damage is accelerated by oxygen-free radicals
3. Aging is a whole-body process; all systems are
interdependent and the decline in function of a
critical body system may lead to parallel
senescence of other systems
Nucleotides
lost from
telomere
Lifestyle
Exercise
Diet