WARM-UP Questions

1. What do you think the basic needs of life

are?
2. What is the environment?
3. How do you define life…what are 4 things
all living organisms have in common?
 Ecology
Interactions in the Environment
What is Ecology?
 The science of ecology includes
everything from global processes
(above), the study of various marine and
terrestrial habitats (middle) to individual
interspecific interactions like predation
and pollination (below).
 Ecology is…

 the study of the interactions

between living organisms and
their biotic and abiotic
environments.
 Ecology is therefore the study
of the relationship of plants
and animals to their physical
and biological environment.
 And the ENVIRONMENT is…

The surroundings of an organism that affect its

life and development.
 An environment is characterized by
the ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factors.
 Abiotic factors are non-living.
 Abiotic factors include science like chemistry, physics and
geology.
 Interactions of abiotic factors result in weather, seasonal changes,
tides, air quality, and water quality
 Biotic factors are living and can be categorized within an
ecosystem structure…
Species Population Community

ECOSYSTEM: all of the communities that live in an area

together with the abiotic factors in the environment
A dead tree is not
alive but not
considered
abiotic….why?
It was once
living!
Biotic features are all living
things in the biosphere.
 The biosphere is all the parts of
Earth that support life.

 This measures approximately

20km thick (12.4 miles)! Most
life on Earth exists between
500m below the surface of the
ocean and about 6km above sea
level.
 What types of
communities make
up these ecosystems?

What types of
abiotic factors are
influencing these
ecosystems?
 How are Biotic Factors
organized?

King Philip Came Over For Great Soup!

Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
All biotic factors are grouped into major
kingdoms based upon similar physical
characteristics…we will deal with 6.
Listed in descending
order of complexity:

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archeobacteria
Abiotic and Biotic factors are
intimately intertwined….
Geographic location (latitude
and longitude) determines
abiotic factors such as
temperature and
climate….which in turn, dictates
or forces a certain type of
ecosystem to exist.
 Levels of
Organization
studied in
Ecology…
AN ORGANISM’S NICHE
 Habitat: the actual place an
organism lives
 Niche: both living and non-
living parts of an ecosystem
that determines an
organism’s role in the
ecosystem.
 If two species share the
same niche, they will have
various interactions.
 How can species interact?
 These relationships are complex. Each
population of species interacts with other
species, or biotic factors, as well as with the
all of the abiotic factors.
 The niche of an organism and it’s
interactions is determined by where it stands
in the ecological structure of the ecosystem.
-Producers
-Consumers
-Decomposers
-Scavengers
PRODUCERS
 Producers are autotrophic
organisms that make their
own food.
 Phototrophic organisms
use photosynthesis and
contain chlorophyll
(Carbon Dioxide + Water
+ Sunlight =Sugar +
Oxygen)
 Chemotrophic organisms
use chemicals other than
H20, such as H2S
PRODUCERS!!!
 CONSUMERS
 Consumers are heterotrophic organisms that
cannot make their own food. They must ingest
(eat) other organisms.
-Herbivores feed on vegetation (producers).
-Carnivores feed on herbivores or on other
carnivores.
 Secondary carnivores feed on herbivores,
 Tertiary consumers feed on other carnivores
-Omnivores feed on both producers and
consumers
-Scavengers feed on dead or decaying
organisms
CONSUMERS!!!
Scavengers feed on CARRION (dead or injured
animal corpses) and dead plant biomass.
Scavengers reduce the size of dead organic
matter…Decomposers will finish the job!
DECOMPOSERS are heterotrophs that recycle small,
often microscopic bits of dead organic matter into
inorganic nutrients availbe for plants to take up from the
soil. Decomposers RECYCLE nutrients!

BACTERIA and FUNGI are decomposers…most worms

are plant scavengers!
Energy in the Ecosystem
 Energy from the sun enters and
ecosystem when producers
used the energy to make
organic matter through
photosynthesis.
 Glucose is the primary energy
source (carbohydrate) produced
by photosynthesis.
 Consumers take in this energy
when they eat producers or
other consumers.
 Energy in the Ecosystem
 Plants absorb less than 1% of the sunlight
that reaches them!
 However, photosynthetic organisms make
170 billion metric tons of food each
year!
 The energy captured by producers is used
to make cells in both producers and
consumers.
TROPHIC LEVELS
 Trophic levels are the
different feeding levels of
organisms in an ecosystem.
Producers are the first trophic
level and consumers make
up several more.
 These relationships can be
seen in an ecological
pyramid.
 Biomass: the total amount of
organic matter present in a
trophic level. The biomass in
each trophic level is the
amount of energy- in the form
of food- available to the next
The Ten Percent Law
 Most of the energy that enters through
organisms in a trophic level does not
become biomass. Only energy used to
make biomass remains available to the
next level.

 When all of the energy losses are

added together, only about 10% of the
energy entering one trophic level forms
biomass in the next trophic level. This
is known as the 10 percent law.
 MORE Ten Percent Law
 The 10 percent law is the main reason that
most food chains have five or less links.
Because 90 percent of the food chain’s energy
is lost at each level, the amount of available
energy decreases quickly.

10 PERCENT
LAW!!
 Heat and Movement

Consumed Digested Growth

Not Digested

Waste

Not Consumed
Decomposers

The majority of energy is lost via heat and movement!

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
Remember
scavengers and
decomposers can
enter at any level!

Tertiary Consumers= CARNIVORE EATING

OTHER CARNIVORES

Secondary Consumers= CARNIVORES

EATING HERBIVORES

Primary Consumers= HERBIVORES

PRODUCERS = Autotrophic Plants

 Ecological Pyramids
 Relative amounts of energy are represented in an
ecological pyramid: a diagram that shows the
relative amounts of energy in different trophic
levels in an ecosystem. An ecological pyramid
can show energy, biomass, or the number of
organisms in a food web.
Ecological Pyramid: Energy

Shows the relative transfer of energy (joules) from one

trophic level to the next.
Ecological Pyramid: Biomass

Shows the relative amounts of organic matter (gram) from

one trophic level to the next.
 Ecological Pyramid:
Number of Organisms

Shows the relative number of organisms at each trophic level.

Food Chains
A Food CHAIN is a series
of organisms that
transfer food between
the trophic levels of an
ecosystem using only
one species at each
level…a simple chain.
 The arrows represent
the flow of energy from
one organism to the
next.
 The arrow points
toward the organism
doing the ‘eating’.
Food Webs
Ecosystems are not as
simple as shown and not
often explained by a
single food chain… Food
WEBS more accurately
show the network of
food chains
representing the
feeding relationships
among organisms in an
ecosystem.
 Most organisms feed on
more than one type of
organism at different
trophic levels.
How do Food Webs show complexity?
 The diversity and stability of an ecosystem is
represented by more complex webs that have
many species and many interactions (lots of
arrows) because they are more stable…more
resistant to disturbance by natural disaster or
human interference. Why?
 Biological Magnification
 BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
 The concentration of a pollutant in organisms increases at
higher trophic levels in the food web because these
chemicals build-up in the fatty tissues of these organism
and do not dissolve or flush-out of the organism.
 DDT & Mercury examples:
 DDT is a pesticide used to kill insects like malaria-carrying
mosquitoes. However, this chemical will magnify in concentration
in larger organisms like birds and mammals and harm their
reproductive abilities.
 Bald eagle populations declined rapidly to the point of extinction
as an endangered species as mother birds were not able to
incubate or hatch their eggs because the eggs shells were too
thin and would crush and break when sat upon to keep warm in
the nest.
 Biological Magnification

As the living
organisms eats more,
the concentration of
these substances
increases as they pass
from one trophic level
to the next.
The day it Rained
cats…

 A bizarre case of ecological damage from DDT

occurred in Borneo after the World Health
Organization sprayed huge amounts of the
pesticide. The area's geckos, or lizards, feasted on
the houseflies that had been killed by DDT. The
geckos, in turn, were devoured by local cats.
Unhappily, the cats perished in such large numbers
from DDT poisoning that the rats they once kept in
check began overrunning whole villages. Alarmed
by the threat of plague, WHO officials were forced
to replenish Borneo's supply of cats by parachute.
RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ECOSYSTEM

 Predator/Prey: One organism (predator) will

actively hunt and consume another (prey).

 Competition: two or more organisms of same or

different species compete to use the same
limited resources or basic needs
Symbiotic Relationships

 Parasitism: an organism (parasite)

lives in or on another (host) and
feeds on it without immediately
killing it

 Mutualism: a cooperative
partnership between two
species (both benefit)

 Commensalism: a relationship
where one species benefits and
the other remains unaffected
 Coevolution
 When two or more species evolve in response to each other, it is
called coevolution.
 Examples of coevolution may be found between predators and
their prey.
 Plants and insects represent a classic case of coevolution — one that is
often, but not always, mutualistic. Many plants and their pollinators are
so reliant on one another and their relationships are so exclusive that
biologists have good reason to think that the “match” between the two
is the result of a coevolutionary process.