|


 








Submitted by : 



B. Sc (H) Computer Science,
3RD Year,
Ram Lal Anand College.
 
  |
4 þntroduction
4 Background of 3G Mobiles
4 3G Technology
4 3G Standards
4 Antecedents of Success of 3G Services
4 Services Provided by 3G
  



Third Generation mobile communication deals with the introduction of
3G mobiles which are making the life of the people more advanced
and modern.
þnternet was once considered to be used in the computers only,
sending of pictures and videos could be done through a computer
network only, but with the introduction of 3G mobiles these all
facilities are now made available to the mobile users too.
A user having 3G technology equipped in his mobile can send or
receive email, pictures and videos (known as MMS) through his mobile
now.
The objective of this research paper is to evaluate the underlying
paradigms of third generation (3G) mobile services. Given the success
of first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) mobile
communications systems and services, the third generation mobile
networks and applications are faced with a lot of expectations such as
providing ubiquitous access to online services via mobile terminals.
ë






   





þn the period of 70ƞs & 80ƞs Advanced Mobile Phone System

(AMPS) was introduced.
þn this type of telephone network 900 MHz band was used which
was enough for 666 calls to be placed at a time.
One more telephone network known as Total Access Control
System (TACS) was introduced in Great Britain in the early 80ƞs.
Both of these were using analogue signals to transmit the calls
from one place to other.


















 
!




!

This was the era of digital communication.

The introduction of single chip DSP in 1983 in Texas converted analogue signals
into digital and also 3 calls could be done on one single frequency.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), started development in the early
80s for Europe as the market. þts idea was to keep the same cellular structure but
change communication from analogue to digital. þt allowed the transmission of data
on the bands 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz.
GSM also introduced SMS (Short Message Service). This allowed mobile phones to
send a short message of text to other phones.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), is the digital transmission technology within
GSM that allows multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel. þt does
this by allocating time slots to each user within a channel.
 | 

"
#
$ %$

#
$
þt is the communication in which only one frequency is used due to
which only one person can talk at a time. For e.g. walkie-talkie.
%$
þt is the communication in which two way data transfer occurs i.e. both
the person involved in the communication can talk at same time.

Uplink: The communication channel from the mobile device back to the
base station is called the uplink.
Downlink: The communication channel from the base station to the
mobile device is called the downlink.
Methods to achieve Duplex Communication: &%%|%%
&%% |%%

&%%
Frequency Division Duplex is a technique which uses a paired
spectrum in which one frequency band is for uplink and one is for
downlink.
The two bands are separated by a "guard band" which provides
isolation of the two signals.
|%%
Time Division Duplex operates on the same frequency but here the
uplink and downlink are switched very rapidly, so it does appear
that one channel is acting as both an uplink and a downlink at the
same time.
þt requires a guard time instead of a guard band between transmit
and receive streams.
#" 
|


 " 

|




#" 
|



þf the data in the downlink and the data in the uplink are
transmitted at the same data rate then the data transmission is
called Symmetric Transmission.
For e.g.: þn case for voice transmission the same amount of data is
sent both ways.
j" 
|



þf the data transmission in the uplink and downlink differs i.e. it
can vary then such type of transmission is called asymmetric
transmission.
For e.g.: þn internet connections more data will be sent during
downlink than uplink.

'

'
(


The 3G network might be divided up in
hierarchical fashion:
m



þt defines the area of largest coverage,
e.g., an entire city.



þt defines the area of intermediate coverage,
e.g., a city centre.
(


þt defines the area of smallest coverage,
e.g., a "hot spot" in a hotel or airport.
|%j)*#%j
3G technology involves basically two competing technologies to achieve
multiple accesses:

|%j
Time Division Multiple Access works by dividing a single radio frequency
into many small time slots and assigning each user a specific time slot for
transmission.
%j
Code Division Multiple Access works by giving each user a unique code.
The signals from all the users are then spread over a wide frequency band.
The receiver having knowledge of the sender's unique code, is therefore
able to extract the correct signal no matter what the frequency is.


#+

 ( #+





#+



The method of connecting a transmitter and receiver by giving
them exclusive access to a direct connection is called circuit
switching.

( #+



þn Packet-switching the network chop the telephone conversation
into discrete "packets" of data, like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle, and
those pieces are reassembled to recreate the original conversation.
 #|j %j
%#
The dream of 3G is to unify the world's mobile computing devices
through a single, worldwide radio transmission standard. þmagine
being able to go anywhere in the world secure in the knowledge
that your mobile phone is compatible with the local system, a
scenario known as Ơglobal roamingơ.

! ,# 
The transition from 2G to 3G is technically extremely challenging
and highly expensive, for both of these reasons it makes sense to
move to 3G via intermediate 2.5G standards. 2.5G radio
transmission technology is radically different from 2G technology
because it uses packet switching.
# 
The 3G standard was created by the þnternational Telecommunication Union (þTU)
and is called þMT-2000. The aim of þMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems
to provide global roaming.

Five different standards grouped together under the þMT-2000 label:

W-CDMA
CDMA2000
TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA
DECT
UWC-136

Of these five standards, only three allow full network coverage over macro cells,
micro cells and Pico cells and can thus be considered as full 3G solutions: W-CDMA,
CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. Of the remainder, DECT is used for those cordless
phones you have in the house, and could be used for 3G short-range "hot-spots"
 j  
#

#

 "# 
The importance of common industry standards with 3G networks has been
emphasized in many studies. The mobile phone industry is currently using many
standards, which has made it difficult for users traveling to utilize their phones
worldwide. The evolution of 3G is expected to simplify this because in Europe
there are only two standards competing; the WCDMA (Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access) which will become the European UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) and the CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple
Access).
The þnternational Telecommunication Union (þTU) is working on 3G international
standardization through its project þMT 2000 (þnternational Mobile
Telecommunications) that aims at setting the global standard for 3G.
Thus, it is expected that in the coming years we will have a worldwide standard
for 3G.
]j 
The main challenge when exploring user needs and wants it is essential to understand the
different situations in which consumers and business users use mobile services. First, we
can distinguish the different types of presence (i.e. reach ability, availability, and
willingness to communicate with other users) people typically have.
At a basic level, presence information can be classified to at home, at work and mobile
(on the move).

j 

To begin with, at home users are typically connected with at least two types of networks.
More and more households have fixed þnternet access (LAN) that allows relatively fast
internet connection speed (starting from 256 kbps). Thus, it is expected that households
with fixed þnternet access will use mobile devices differently than households without
fixed þnternet access.
For instance, mobile terminals can be used to get online access, either directly from
mobile terminal or in connection with another terminal such as laptop or PC. With the
help of 3G, mobile terminals as mentioned can offer faster connection speeds than some
LAN connections.
j +


At work, users typically also have fixed þnternet access that is used
to access many informative services related to work. However,
more people are relying on mobile terminals to manage their daily
activities. With the diffusion of smart phones, computers and
mobile terminals are more and more used in combination. As smart
phones can be synchronized with laptops and table computers,
followed by their ability to send and receive e-mails and use of
other company related services, the line between different
terminals is faded.




The third option, mobile, means that the services users can access are
limited due to network constraints. On the go users mainly rely on mobile
networks that to date offer limited data transmission speeds, although the
rise of the 3G network and Wireless Local Area networks (WLAN) provide
faster data transmission. The most important development in relation to
mobile users and the services they need relate to the networksƞ ability to
provide the same services globally. As mobile users are increasingly
traveling worldwide, it is important to develop networks and services that
can be accessed with one mobile terminal. This has been mentioned as
one of the main challenges mobile network development will face in the
coming years.
(



Pricing of the 3G services is definitely one of the biggest challenges facing

telecommunication companies as setting the right price for service usage is
difficult.
Mobile operators have used two types of pricing policies in offering mobile
data services:
First, pricing is based on a fixed price, also called flat-rate pricing, typically
ranging from 15-25ƪ per month in Europe. With fixed pricing operators
usually offer 100Mbps transfers per month. As usage exceeds 100Mbps in
a month, the price increases often dramatically.
Second, usage based pricing, regulates usage by imposing a fee based on
the amount of data send and received.
 #
(

"


  -ë
+
 .



This is one of the important service provided by 3G. The term
mobile þnternet, or þnternet in mobile, refers to gaining access to
the þnternet using a handheld, wireless device like a mobile phone
or PDA.
However, in 3G networks the data transmission speed is depended
upon the number of users accessing the network at the same point
of time. Thus, in reality 3G networks rarely offer the theoretical
maximum speed.
The question of whether users are willing to browse the þnternet
from mobile phone or PDA becomes unimportant, as terminals are
only devices, and finally the user judges the terminals and chooses
the one he or she prefers.
/



E-mail services can be categorized into Web-style HTML e-mail services and
plain text e-mail services.
HTML e-mail services provide more flexibility with the format and
appearance while plain text e-mail comprises of a letter-style message.
For many þnternet users, e-mail has been the most common way of
exchanging information, documents, and communication.
The fear of receiving unsolicited messages and spam on mobile devices
may slow the adoption of e-mail services among mobile users. Secondly, as
the first mobile virus news has been reported in media, mobile users might
want to protect their mobile devices by avoiding using e-mail services.



Mobile messaging, referring to short message service (SMS) and multimedia message
service (MMS), is expected to be the most utilized mobile service in the future. þt is
estimated that step-by-step consumers as well as business users will upgrade their
messaging from sending simple text messages to multimedia messages including
pictures and video clips. Although 3G networks will make bandwidth hungry services
such as sending, receiving, and downloading video clips possible, there are notable
cultural differences in adopting multimedia messaging services.
For example, while the European market has
not adopted multimedia messaging to large
extent, due to various reasons such as pricing
policy and relatively complex usage, Asians
have eagerly adopted MMS. On average, while
a typical user in Europe sends one to two MMS
messages per month, an Asian takes and sends
20-30 MMS messages.
 |0j 12]
ALOK ADHþKARþ
SUB: PROJECT REPORT PRESENTATþON
ROLL NO: 6011101
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCþENCE
RAM LAL ANAND COLLEGE
UNþ ERSþTY OF DELHþ