Zoology

An Introduction
 Zoology
• Study of animals
• In this class- Important Kingdoms-
Protista- some, unicellular, animal-like
organisms(protozoans)
considered to be evol. precursors
to animals
ANIMALIA- are ANIMALS
• Latin “zoa” or “zo”- means animal
 Kingdom Protista
• Single celled
• Eukaryotic
• Ingest or produce
food
• Some animallike
 What is an Animal?
• Are members of Kingdom Animalia
• Are multicellular
• Are Eukaryotic
• Are Heterotrophs
• Lack cell walls
• Usually have a method of
movement
• Most reproduce sexually
• Require oxygen
 What is an Animal?
• Multicellular: Having more than one cell
• Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell
contain a nucleus

• Heterotroph: Organisms that obtains

energy from the foods it consumes; also
called a consumer.
 2 Types of Animals
• Invertebrates: Animals that do not
have a backbone or a vertebral column

• Vertebrates: Animals that has a

vertebral column, or backbone
 What Animals Do to Survive
Animals carry out the following essential functions:

1. Feed
2. Respire
3. Circulation
4. Excrete
5. Respond
6. Move
7. Reproduce
 Essential Functions
1. Feeding: Animals feed in a large variety

of ways.

Filter Feed- strain suspended

organic particles/food from water
– Carnivore: Eats meat/animals
ONLY

– Herbivore: Eats plants ONLY

– Omnivore: Eats meat & plants

– Detritivore: Feeds on plant and animal remains

and other dead matter called detritus
 Essential Functions
2. Respiration: take in oxygen and release
carbon dioxide.
– SIMPLE ANIMALS- USE DIFFUSION of
these substances through their skin
– COMPLEX- complex tissues and organ
systems for respiration
 Essential Functions
3. Circulation: transport of nutrients
and wastes
• Many aquatic animals (ex: aquatic worms) rely
solely on diffusion to transport oxygen & waste.

• Larger animals have some kind of circulatory

system to move materials around within their
bodies.
 Essential Functions
4. Excretion: releasing liquid
nitrogenous wastes
– A buildup of ammonia & other nitrogenous
wastes would kill an animal
– Animals have excretory system that either
eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it
into a less toxic substance(uric acid) that is
removed from the body.
 Essential Functions

5. Response: Animals respond to events

in their environment using specialized
cells called nerve cells.
– Simple animals- nerve cells, nerve net
– Complex- nervous systems
– Some nerve cells are receptors that
respond to sound, light, and other stimuli
– The arrangement of nerve cells in the body
changes dramatically from phylum to
phylum
 Essential
6. Movement:
Functions
• Some animals live their entire lives
attached to a single spot (sessile)
• Most are motile meaning that they move
 Essential
Functions
7. Reproduction: Most reproduce
sexually by producing gametes.
– Maintains genetic diversity in populations
– Helps species evolve when the
environment changes
– Many reproduce asexually & allows to
increase numbers rapidly (inverts.)
 Body Plans of Animals
Symmetry: balance in body proportions

3 Types
Bilateral: can be divided
only one way to produce
mirror image halves
Asymmetrical-
Irregular shape Radial symmetry: can be divided
along any plane to produce 2
halves which look alike
 Symmetry
Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape.
 Symmetry

Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in

a circle like the spokes of a wheel.
 Symmetry

Bilateral Symmetry: If divided lengthwise

in half, both sides will match.
 Bilateral Symmetry
• Includes worms, insects & vertebrates

• Have external body parts that repeat on

either side of the body
What type of symmetry?
Body arrangements:
a. anterior: head region(front on upright man)
b. posterior: tail region (back on upright man)
c. dorsal: back or top
d. ventral: abdomen(belly) or bottom
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Medial
- close to the middle
• Lateral
– Close to the side or
movement away from
middle
• Distal
– Away from the main part
• Proximal
– Close to the main part
 Anatomical Terms (cont)

• Oral
– End with the mouth
• Aboral
– Opposite end of the mouth
• Cephalic
– Toward head
• Caudal
– Toward tail
Cephalization-concentration of sense organs-
developed nervous system- “formation of head"
 
How does this happen????
 Embryonic Development
STEP 1   

 STEP 2 

Zygote cleaves to become blastula and

then forms gastrula. The blastopore of the
gastrula can become either the mouth or
the anus of the organism

30
 Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Protostome- “first mouth” Blastopore becomes the
mouth. Ex-Annelids, Mollusks and arthropods
• Deuterostome- “second mouth” Blastopore
becomes anus.
Ex-echinoderms, hemichordates,chordates
 Embryonic Development
• As embryo develops, three germ
layers form:

• becomes nervous system, epidermis of the skin, pituitary,

a. Ectoderm
lens of eye (outside layer)

• becomes muscles, skeleton, notochord, circulatory

b. Mesoderm
system, kidney, reproductive system (middle layer)

• becomes lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, epithelial

c.
lining of lungs, many endocrine glands (inside
Endoderm
layerdigestive tract)
Body Cavities

a. Acoelomates-
no body cavity
lined with
mesoderm
• EX: flatworms
b. Pseudocoelomates-
partial body cavity
lined with mesoderm
• “Tube within a tube”
body plan
• EX: roundworms,
rotifers
c. Coelomates-
true body
cavity lined
with
mesoderm
• EX: all other
animals
 Advantages of a body
cavity (coelom or
pseudocoelom):
• Fluid in cavity helps distribute food, wastes,
hormones, etc. from one end of animal to the
other
• Better distribution allows animal to grow larger
• A place to put things, like new organs
 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM OVERVIEW
• Invertebrates-no backbone
• Vertebrates or Chordates-backbone

Invertebrate Cladogram

Section 29-1

Echinoderms Chordates
Arthropods
Annelids
Mollusks
Radial
Roundworms Symmetry

Flatworms

Pseudocoelom
Cnidarians Deuterostome
Radial Development
Symmetry
Coelom
Protostome Development
Sponges Three Germ Layers;
Bilateral Symmetry
Tissues
Multicellularity
Single-celled
ancestor
The End