Hardware

Hardware
The physical,
touchable, electronic
and mechanical part
of a computer
8 Components of
Hardware
1. Input Devices
- Accepts data and
instructions from the
user or from another
computer system
Input Devices
Keyboard Entry
Keyboard
- The first input device
developed for the PC.
Data is transferred to
the PC over a short
cable with a circular 6-
pin Mini-din connector
that plugs into the
back of the
motherboard.
Direct Entry
3 CATEGORIES
 POINTING DEVICES
Mouse
The most common
'pointing device'
used in PCs. Every
mouse has two
buttons and most
have one or two
scroll wheels
Touch Screen
Light Pen

A light-sensitive stylus
wired to a video terminal
used to draw pictures or
select menu options. The
user brings the pen to the
desired point on screen
and presses the pen
button to make contact.
Digitizer Tablet
A graphics drawing tablet
used for sketching new
images or tracing old ones.
Also called a "graphics
tablet," the user contacts
the surface of the device
with a wired or wireless pen
or puck.
Joystick
 SCANNING DEVICES
A device that can read text
or illustrations printed on
paper and translates the
information into a form the
computer can use.
Bar code Reader

Scanner
 VOICE – INPUT DEVICES

Audio input devices also known as

speech or voice recognition
systems that allow a user to send
audio signals to a computer for
processing, recording, or carrying
out commands. Audio input
devices such as microphones allow
users to speak to the computer in
order to record a voice message or
navigate software.
Microphone
Output
Devices
Any piece of computer
hardware that displays
results after the computer
has processed the input
data that has been
entered.
Computer Display Monitor

It displays information in visual

form, using text and graphics.
The portion of the monitor that
displays the information is called
the screen or video display
terminal.
Types of Monitor

CRT LCD

LED
LCD Projector
Printer
A device that prints text or illustrations on
paper.

Inkjet Printer

Laser Printer
Speaker
Used to play sound.
They may be built into
the system unit or
connected with cables.
Speakers allow you to
listen to music and hear
sound effects from your
computer.
CPU and
Memory
The CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
It performs all of the intructions
and calculations that are needed
and manages the flow of
information through a
computer.
Sometimes referred to as the
“brain” of the computer
 3 Major components:
 Control Unit - responsible for coordinating the
input and output devices and all related
activities
 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) - All the
calculations and logical decisions are mad
 Cache memory - A small memory store
typically of 512k or 1Mb in size. This is very
fast memory and being on the CPU chip it is
close to the ALU. Its purpose it to prevent
delays in programs or data arriving from main
memory.
 The Memory
- Temporary storage of data use
for certain applications
Kinds of Memory:
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM
 Thisdata and programs cannot be changed or
deleted
 The data or instructions stored in ROM can only be
read but new data or instructions cannot be written
into it
 The data and instructions in ROM are stored by the
manufacturer at the time of its manufacturing
 The data it contains is FIXED
 Used for holding data that never changes
 Non-volatile
 Computer uses to “start up”
 Mainly used for Firmware
Example: ROM BIOS/BIOS
Basic Input/Output System
(BIOS)
• holds the basic instructions for booting
your system
• contains code needed to run the
keyboard, screen, disk drives and other
functions.
• perform POST (Power-On Self Test)-built-
in diagnostic program that checks your
hardware to ensure that everything is
present and working properly before the
BIOS begins the actual boot
 Computer Codes and beep
Codes
 IBM Beep codes

1 short beep Normal POST – system is OK

POST error – error code shown on
2 short beeps
screen
Power supply, system board
No beep problem, disconnected CPU, or
disconnected speaker
Power supply, system board, or
Continuous beep may be RAM
problem,keyboard problem
Power supply or system board
Repeating short beeps
problem or keyboard
Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor (CMOS)
“motherboard
battery”
a computer chip on the
motherboard, but more
specifically, it is a RAM chip.

The CMOS battery powers the

CMOS RAM when the computer
is turned off. So that it doesn't
lose all your BIOS information.
The CMOS is a little bit
of RAM that stores all
the BIOS information so
that each time the computer
restarts or powers on, the
computer can remember this
information.
If the battery is removed from the
motherboard or runs out of juice (e.g. a
dead CMOS battery), the CMOS would
lose the information stored in it. Any
settings you made in the CMOS setup
would be lost, and you would need to make
those settings changes again after a new
CMOS battery was put on the
motherboard. For example, with a dead
CMOS battery the time and date will
reset back to the manufactured date if it
has been off for a long period of time.
Basic ROM types
 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
- This form of ROM is initially blank.
- The user or manufacturer can write
data/program on it by using special
devices.
- However, once the program or data is
written in PROM chip, it cannot be
changed. If there is an error in writing
instructions or data in PROM, the error
cannot be erased. PROM chip becomes
unusable.
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory)
- is a special type of PROM that can be
erased by exposing it to ultraviolet
light. Once it is erased, it can be
reprogrammed

 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable

Programmable Memory)
‐ similar to a PROM, but requires only
electricity to be erased.
Kinds of RAM
Single In line Memory Module
(SIMM)
 holds 6-9 memory chips per board
 1-30 pins, 1-70 pins
 The SIMM was used with computers using a 486,
early Intel Pentium, and compatible processors.
 However, because the Pentium is 64-bit and a
SIMM is only 32-bits wide, they must be installed
two at a time when used with any 64-bit processor.
 Dual Inline Memory Module
(DIMM)
 64 bit
 168 pins
 can be installed one at a time
unlike SIMMs that would require
installation in pairs
 Kinds of
DIMM
DDR (Double Date
Rate

SDR (Single Data

Rate)
Data Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 Also known as hard drive, is a
magnetic storage device that is
installed inside the computer. The
hard drive is used as permanent
storage for data. In a Windows
computer, the hard drive is usually
configured as the C: drive and
contains the operating system and
applications.
HDD
 Optical Disk Drives

- a storage device that uses lasers

to read data on the optical
media. There are three types of
optical drives: Compact Disc
(CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
and Blu-ray Disc (BD).
Optical Disk Drive
Floppy Disk Drive
Ports
External connecting sockets
on the outside of the
computer. This is a pathway
into and out of the computer.
- A port lets users plug in
outside peripherals, such as
monitors, scanners and
printers.
HDD Relationship
Motherboard
 Primary
 Secondary
 HDD

 Master
 Slave
Jumper -
Determines the
master
 HDD Relationship
Primary Primary Primary
Slave Master
Secondary
Secondary
Master
Master Secondary
Slave Slave
BIT
- The smallest unit of storage
- Too small to be much used
8 bits = byte
Kilobyte (Kb) = 1,000 bytes
Megabyte (Mb) = 1 million
bytes
Gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes
Terabyte (Tb) = 1 trillion bytes
External HDD
Seagate – ST3/ST5
Samsung-SV
Maxtor-SVO
Quantum-CS
Western Digital-WG
 Interface Devices
- Used to enhance the features and capabilities of
a computer
Video Card/Video adapter/Graphic cards
Kinds:
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
EISA (Enhance Industry Standard Architecture)
VESA (Video Enhance Standard Architecture)
PCI ( Peripheral Components Interconnect)
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
PCIE ( Peripheral Component Interconnect
LAN (Local Area Network)
Card
Kinds:
BNC – Bio Net Connector
RJ45 – Registered Jack 45

Sound Card
 Power Supply
- The main source of power of the
computer system
- It also converts AC to DC to be
distributed to each devices
- Kinds:
AT (Advance Technology)
- has push button; 12 pins
ATX (Advance Technology Extended)
- No push button; 20-24 pins
AT

ATX
The Motherboard
- The main circuit board of the computer
Motherboard
Components
SLOTS
RAM Slots
SIMM, DIMM, SDR, DDR
Data Storage Slots
IDE, SATA, FDD
Interface Slots
PCI, AGP, PCEI
Power Supply Slots
AT, ATX
Front Panel
Connectors
Back Panel
Connection
Chipsets
 Northbridge and South Bridge
 Northbridge
- Connects data from memory
(RAM) and video card to the
CPU and vice versa
 Southbridge
- Connects data from interface
slots, I/O, IDE, SATA, BIOS, CMOS
to Northbridge then to the CPU
and vice versa