CSH2D3/ SISTEM BASIS DATA

Blocking Concept
Blocking
– A Block is a transfer data unit between secondary and
primary devices
– Block Size in byte (B)
 Oversize block size will also transfer unnecessary data in it 
needs bigger memory allocation
 Undersize block size will cause repeatable read
– Records are stored in block. Blocking is a method to
arrange records in a block.
– Blocking Factor (Bfr) : #of records in a block

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Fixed Blocking
#of fixed length records in all blocks remain the
same
Record length <= Block size
Blocking factor Bfr =

B
 R 

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Fixed Blocking
Let Block Size B = 100 Byte, R = 30 Byte,  3
records/block
Block size – allocated space = wasted space

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Variable Length Spanned Blocking
Used in variable length record
Record can be split across multiple blocks
R≤B≤R
Minimal waste. Difficult to be implemented
Will cause block chain  slower reading
time

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Variable Length Unspanned Blocking
Variable length record size
A record cannot be spanned across multiple
blocks
Waste space probability is high
Record length <=block size

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Blocking Factor Variable Spanned
Let P as block pointer
Effective block size = B-P
Record size + marker = R + M
Bfr = (B-P) / (R+M)
If M = P,
Bfr = (B-P) / (R+P)

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Blocking Factor Variable Unspanned
Average block waste = ½ R
No block pointer available
Effective block size = B- ½ R
Bfr = (B-½R)/(R+M)

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 Pemborosan Ruang (waste/W)
Waste space cannot be used for data
W depends on :
–WG : waste Gap between block
–WR : waste because of blocking
W = WG + WR ,  W per record
If WG = G / Bfr then WR = ?  Depends
on blocking method

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W pada Fixed Blocking
Pada Fixed Blocking, ruang terbuang akibat
blocking < R
Dihitung per rekord  0  WR < R/Bfr
Fixed Blocking umumnya digunakan jika ukuran
rekord jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan kapasitas
block  WG jauh lebih besar dibandingkan WR
W = W G + WR  W = W G

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W pada variabel spanned
Tidak ada ruang terbuang karena blocking
Muncul penanda rekord (M) dan pointer block (P)
WR = M + P/Bfr
W = WG + WR  G / Bfr + M + (P/Bfr)
W = M + (P+G)/Bfr
Jika M = P, maka W = P + (P+G)/Bfr

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W pada variabel unspanned
Ada ruang terbuang
Ada penanda rekord
WR = M + ((½ R)/Bfr)
W = WG + WR  G/Bfr + M + ((½ R)/Bfr)
W = M + (1/2R + G)/Bfr
Jika M = P,  P + (1/2R + G)/Bfr

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Transfer Rate
Transfer rate (t) = kecepatan data dapat
ditransfer / kecepatan transfer data sesaat
Satuan byte/s, besarnya t diinformasikan
oleh pembuat perangkat
Terdapat 2 pengukuran yang tergantung
pada transfer rate :
–Rekord transfer time (TR)
–Block transfer time (btt)

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Transfer Rate
TR adalah waktu transfer rekord dengan panjang
R  TR = R / t
Btt adalah waktu transfer block dengan besar B 
btt = B/t
Satuan TR dan btt adalah ms

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Bulk Transfer Rate
Untuk pembacaan data dalam jumlah besar,
diperhitungkan nilai bulk transfer rate (t’)
Bulk transfer rate dihitung dengan
mempertimbangkan besar dan banyaknya gap
area non data yang harus dilewati
t’ = (t/2) (R/(R+W))

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Contoh Kasus
Diketahui sebuah harddisk memiliki karakteristik :
- seek time = 10ms
- kecepatan putar disk 6000 rpm
- Transfer rate = 2048 byte/s
- kapasitas block = 2048 byte
- ukuran rekord = 250 byte
- ukuran gap = 256 byte
- ukuran M = P = 8 byte

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Contoh Kasus
a. Blocking Factor
b. Rotational Latency
c. Rekord Transfer Time
d. Block transfer time
e. Pemborosan Ruang (Waste)
f. Bulk Transfer Rate
Jika metode blockingnya
1. Fixed blocking
2. Variable Spanned
3. Varible Unspanned

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Pembahasan :
Contoh Kasus
Metode Fixed Blocking
a. Blocking Factor (Bfr) = B/R = 2048/ 250 = 8
b. Rotational Latency (r) = ½.60.1000.1/rpm = 30000/6000
= 5 ms
c. Record Transfer Time (TR) = R/t = 250 / 2048 = 0.122 ms
d. Block Transfer Time (btt) = B/t = 2048 / 2048 = 1 ms
e. W = WG = G/Bfr = 256 / 8 = 32 byte
f. Bulk Transfer Rate
(t’) = (t/2) (R/(R+W)) = (2048/2) (250/(250+32)) =
(1024) (250/282) = 1024(0.886) = 907.8 ms

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Latihan Soal
Pembahasan untuk Metoda variable Unspanned
dan Spanned blocking ? Kerjakan sebagai Latihan
Soal

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