ENERGY RESOURCES FOR

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Dr. P. MAHANTA
Centre for Energy
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
 SUSTAINABILITY FOR INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY

ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE
ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE
SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of

the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.”
The Brundtland
Commission Report, The
United Nations, 1987.
 THE CONCERN…WHY ???

GLOBAL CHANGES
RESOURCE DEPLETION CLIMATE CHANGE
FOOD POLLUTION
WATER (SURFACE & BIODIVERSITY
GROUND)
HABITAT LOSS
METALS, MINERALS
EROSION
FOREST PRODUCTS
DEFORESTATION
ENERGY
FISHERIES POPULATION GROWTH
POVERTY
EDUCATION OF WOMEN
UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS
 SOME RECENT EVENTS…
 ANTARCTICA GLACIER MELTING FASTER
REDUCING 13500 SQ KM AREA, CNN
 THE HIMALAYA LOST ITS HEIGHT BY 0.6 M
 RECENT FLOOD WAS CATASTOPHIC

“Glaciers in the Himalaya are wasting at alarming and

accelerating rates, as indicated by comparisons of satellite
and historic data, and as shown by the widespread, rapid
growth of lakes on the glacier surfaces.”-NASA
 ALARMING RATE OF POLLUTION
ACID RAIN

GLOBAL WARMING

ASTER Bleaching of coral in great barrier reef

(Advanced
Spaceborne Thermal
Emission and
Reflection
Radiometer)
instrument aboard
NASA’s Terra satellite
shows how the
Gangotri Glacier
terminus has
Threat to the lives of the penguines
Glacier retreated by three miles retracted since 1780. in Antarctica
(five kilometers)
POWER GENERATION WITH FOSSIL FUELS
AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ARE
CONFLICTING
 INDIA & THE USA (WITH WORLD RANKINGS)
INDIA USA

POPULATION, MILLIONS 1050 286

TOTAL ENERGY USE, EJ 26 105

COAL CONSUMPTION, EJ 8 25

OIL IMPORTS (NET), EJ 3.3 23

ELECTRICITY GENERATION, TWH 580 4050

 ENERGY SOURCES – INDIAN
SCENARIO
ENERGY IS ALWAYS DEFICIT IN INDIA
WE WILL REQUIRE ADDITIONAL 1,00,000 MW BY 2012
INVESTMENT OF RS 8000 BILLION

(Use full Potential)

1% 5%
Hydro
High S+High Ash 33%
Nuclear Oil (cut)
(Improve)
Coal
NG

53%
8%
CNG+H
Primary Energy Sources
India - 2003
 OUR REQUIREMENTS….
 CONTROL OVER CARBON BURDEN
 CARBON SEQUESTRATION
 IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY TO REDUCE
EMISSION
 HIGH EFFICIENCY
 CONTROL OVER SHORT TERM
PHENOMENON LIKE ACID RAIN
 LESS EMISSION
 FUEL TO MEET LONG TERM REQUIREMENT
 THE ROLE OF ENERGY-TECHNOLOGY
INNOVATION IN THE INDIAN ENERGY
FUTURES
ONLY WITH IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES CAN WE…
 Constrain oil demand & limit imports without incurring excessive
economic or environmental costs
 Improve urban air quality while meeting growing demand for automobiles
 Use abundant coal resources without intolerable impacts on regional air
quality & acid rain
 Expand the use of nuclear energy while reducing accident and proliferation
risks
 Achieve & sustain economic prosperity worldwide while controlling the
risks from global climate change
Looking beyond
Fossil Fuels
GREEN FUELS
IN TUNE
WITH THE TIMES

IndianOil Group of Companies

 PROSPECTS OF BIOFUEL

 Biofuels are renewable

energy source
 Environmentally safer
 Very high potential to
rejuevenate local/rural
economy and employment
generation
 Provide Energy security and
alternate to fossil fuels
 Easy to develop and use
 BIOFUEL

Different Biofuel Options

Deris indica
Jatropha carcus
 Bodiesel
A. montana
 Biogas
 Biomass Gasification Characteristics
 Green fuel
 High flash point temperature
Other alternatives
 High cetane index
 Ultra low (zero) sulfur content
Ethanol, Methanol, Biomass to  Diesel like physical and chemical
liquid fuel, Hydrogen properties
Low emissions: Poly Aromatic
Hydrocarbons, Nitrated poly aromatic
hydrocarbons and sulfate
 PRESENT SCENERIO ON BIODIESEL
IN INDIA
 To produce bio-diesel in the country for blending in HSD
to the extent of 20% by 2011-12.
 Jatropha plantation required over 11 million hectares of
land
 Stake holders: Oil companies, Auto Industry, Financial
Institutions and Government & its institutions.
 Necessary to demonstrate the viability of the programme
IOCL VENTURES:
 Phase I: Demo project to be implemented by the year
2006-07
 Phase II: Self sustained expansion of programme in the
year 2007 . Production of sufficient quantity of the bio-
diesel in the year 2011-12
 HYDROGEN…
A PROMISING FUEL FOR
FUTURE
 HYDROGEN CAN BE USED IN
MOST ENERGY SECTORS
In the Transportation Sector  Colourless, odourless and
 Can be used in ICE tasteless gas
 Fuel cells are more efficient
 Lighter than air
 Trains, automobiles, buses, and ships
 Fastest diffusing gas
In the Residential and Commercial Sectors
 Combined heat and power  Molecular size, permeates easily
 Reliable energy services for critical through most materials
applications
 Grid independence
In the Industrial Sector
 Already plays an important role as a chemical
 Co-producing power and hydrogen

 Auto ignition temperature is –

585 deg C
 Flammability 4-75%
 Detonation 18-59%
 Ignition energy in air 20 mu J
 FUEL CELL Chemical energy of a fuel
(ETHANOL, METHANOL,
HYDROGEN)
Electricity
Generate electricity without
combustion of the fuel and oxidizer, as
opposed to what occurs with
traditional methods of electricity
generation.
The main advantage a fuel cell has
over heat engines is that they are
theoretically more efficient and
produce no noxious emissions
Fuel cells operate very quietly
reducing noise pollution APPLICATIONS

Fuel cells are being developed for

numerous commercial and military
applications, such as automobiles,
portable electronic devices, and mobile
and stationary power generation.
 Biomass Gasification
Conversion of biomass to producer gas for electricity generation
Application
TRANSPORTATION
Village Electrification

Biogas
VILLAGE
 Biogas is obtainable from anaerobic ELECTRIFICATION
digestion of cowdung and other
lignocellulosic waste such as, oil seed
cake, water hyacinth etc. Future Prospects of Biogas
 Green fuel having high Calorific value
(20.1 – 25.9 KJ/litre,  Fuel for High
 Used for cooking, lighting etc. Temperature Fuel Cells
 Standard Composition: 58 % Methane and  Transportation
33 % Carbon dioxide
 Micro-Turbine for power
generation
 THUS, FOR EFFICIENT IE..

 SAVE RESOURCES

 USE RENEWABLE RESOURCES

 EFFICIENT PRODUCTION

 LONG-LASTING DESIGN OF SYSTEMS

THANK YOU