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McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
Chapter 5A
5A-3
How Computers Represent Data
• Binary number system
– Used by computers to count
– Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
– 0 and 1 combine to make numbers
5A-4
How Computers Represent Data
• Bits and bytes
– Binary numbers are made of bits
– Bit represents a switch
– A byte is 8 bits
– Byte represents one character
5A-5
How Computers Represent Data
• Text codes
– Converts letters into binary
– Standard codes necessary for data transfer
– Four popular text code systems invented:
– EBCDIC
• 8-bit code, defines 256 symbols
• Still used in IBM Mainframe and midrange comp.
– ASCII
• American English symbols
• 8-bit code, most commonly used.
• Defines 128 ASCII codes (0 through 127)
• ASCII: 48 ( for 0), 65 (for A), 97 (for a)
5A-6
How Computers Represent Data
• Text codes
– Extended ASCII
• Graphics and other symbols
• 8-bit code (128 through 255)
• First 40 symbols: pronunciation and punctuation
• Remaining are used for graphic symbols.
– Unicode
• All languages on the planet
• 4 bytes (32 bits)
• 4 billion different symbols or characters.
• First 256 codes are same as in ASCII and
5A-7
Extended ASCII.
How Computers Process Data
• Two components handle processing:
– CPU & Memory
• The CPU
– Central Processing Unit
– Brain of the computer
– Every CPU has 2 basic components.
5A-9
How Computers Process Data
• Machine cycles
2. Execution cycle
• CPU performs the instruction (execution &
storing)
• A. Execution: carries out instruction and
converts into microcode (that tells the CPU how
to execute instruction).
• B. Storing: sometimes, it may be required for
CPU to store the result (but not mandatory).
5A-10
How Computers Process Data
– CPU Performance measured in:
• MIPS or Billions of cycles per second (BIPS)
– Pipelining processes more data: (upto 20
instructions can be simultaneously processed).
– Multitasking allows multiple instructions:
• Tasks for more than one programs are
performed.
• Using threads.
5A-11
How Computers Process Data
• Memory
– Stores open programs and data
– Small chips on the motherboard
– More memory makes a computer faster
5A-12
How Computers Process Data
• Nonvolatile memory
– Holds data when power is off
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
– Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
• BIOS contains Power On Self Test (POST)
routine:
• POST: To ensure that system is functioning
properly and all expected hardware devices are
present.
5A-13
How Computers Process Data
• Flash memory
– Data is stored using physical switches
– Special form of nonvolatile memory
– Camera cards, USB key chains
5A-14
How Computers Process Data
• Volatile memory
– Requires power to hold data
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Data in RAM has an address
– CPU reads data using the address
– CPU can read any address
5A-15
Components affecting Speed
5A-16
Affecting Processing Speed
• Registers
– Number of bits processor can handle
– Word size: Size of registers
• Amount of data with which computer can work
at any given time.
– Larger indicates more powerful computer
– Increase by purchasing new CPU
– 64-bit computer or processor (refers to the
size of the registers in processor).
5A-17
Affecting Processing Speed
• Virtual RAM
– Computer is out of actual RAM
– File that emulates RAM
– Computer swaps data to virtual RAM
• Least recently used data is moved
5A-18
Affecting Processing Speed
• The computer’s internal clock
– Quartz crystal
– Every tick causes a cycle
– Speeds measured in Hertz (Hz)
• Modern machines use Giga Hertz (GHz)
5A-19
Affecting Processing Speed
• The bus
– Electronic pathway between components
– Expansion bus connects to peripherals
– System bus connects CPU and RAM
– Bus width is measured in bits
– Speed is tied to the clock
5A-20
Affecting Processing Speed
• External bus standards
– Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
– Local bus
– Peripheral control interface
– Accelerated graphics port
– Universal serial bus
– IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
– PC Card
5A-21
Affecting Processing Speed
• Peripheral control interface (PCI)
– Connects modems and sound cards
– Found in most modern computers
5A-22
Affecting Processing Speed
• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
– Connects video card to motherboard
– Extremely fast bus
– Found in all modern computers
5A-23
Affecting Processing Speed
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
– Connects external devices
– Hot swappable
– Allows up to 127 devices
– Cameras, printers, and scanners
5A-24
Affecting Processing Speed
• PC Card
– Used on laptops
– Hot swappable
– Devices are the size of a credit card
5A-25
Affecting Processing Speed
• Cache memory
– Very fast memory
– Holds common or recently used data
– Speeds up computer processing
– Most computers have several caches
– L1 holds recently used data
– L2 holds upcoming data
– L3 holds possible upcoming data
5A-26
Chapter 5A
End of Chapter